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Triptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide which is produced by the thunder god vine, '' Tripterygium wilfordii''. It has ''
/ref> In a preclinical mouse model of pancreatic cancer, it was "even more effective than gemcitabine". Its Phase II clinical trials are expected to conclude in February 2019.
Glutriptolide, a glucose conjugate of triptolide with better solubility and lower toxicity, did not inhibit XPB activity ''in vitro'', but exhibited tumor control ''in vivo'', which is likely due to sustained stepwise release of active triptolide within cancer cells. A second generation glutriptolide has been recently reported for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.
in vitro
''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology and ...
'' and '' in vivo'' activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease and pancreatic cancer, but its physical properties and severe toxicity limit its therapeutic potential. Consequently, a synthetic water-soluble prodrug, minnelide, is being studied clinically instead.
Triptolide is a component of ContraPest, a contraceptive
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth cont ...
pest control liquid used to reduce rat populations in the United States.
Mechanism of action
Several putative target proteins of triptolide have been reported, including polycystin-2, ADAM10, DCTPP1, TAB1, and XPB. Multiple triptolide-resistant mutations exist in XPB (ERCC3) and its partner protein GTF2H4.Y. Smurnyy, M. Cai, H. Wu, E. McWhinnie, J. A. Tallarico, Y.Yang, Y. Feng, DNA sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for target validation in mammalian cells. ''Nat. Chem. Biol''. 2014, 10, 623 – 625 However, no triptolide-resistant mutations were found in polycystin-2, ADAM10, DCTPP1 and TAB1. Cys342 of XPB was identified as the residue that undergoes covalent modification by the 12,13-epoxide group of triptolide, and the XPB-C342T mutant rendered the T7115 cell line nearly completely resistant to triptolide.Q. L. He, D. V. Titov, J. Li, M. Tan, Z. Ye, Y. Zhao, D. Romo, and J. O. Liu. Covalent Modification of a Cysteine Residue in the XPB Subunit of the General Transcription Factor TFIIH Through Single Epoxide Cleavage of the Transcription Inhibitor Triptolide. ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' 2015, 54, 1859 –1863 The level of resistance conferred by the C342T mutation is about 100-fold higher than the most triptolide-resistant mutants previously identified. Together, these results validate XPB as a target responsible for the antiproliferative activity of triptolide. The disruption of super-enhancer networks has also been suggested as a mechanism of action.Water-soluble prodrugs
Minnelide is a more water-soluble synthetic prodrug of triptolide which is converted to triptolide '' in vivo''.Thunder God Vine Drug Zaps Pancreatic Cancer. GenEng. 2012/ref> In a preclinical mouse model of pancreatic cancer, it was "even more effective than gemcitabine". Its Phase II clinical trials are expected to conclude in February 2019.
Glutriptolide, a glucose conjugate of triptolide with better solubility and lower toxicity, did not inhibit XPB activity ''in vitro'', but exhibited tumor control ''in vivo'', which is likely due to sustained stepwise release of active triptolide within cancer cells. A second generation glutriptolide has been recently reported for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.
References
{{Expand German, Triptolid, date=October 2012 Diterpenes Epoxides Furanones Secondary alcohols Isopropyl compounds