Below is given a chronological record of tribal and peasant revolts in India before independence from British rule in the 1947. The list covers those tribal uprisings that occurred during the period of

British rule in India The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent, * * lasting from 1858 to 1947. * * It is also called Crown rule ...

18th century

*1767-1833 - The

Chuar Rebellion Chuar rebellion, also called the Chuar Bidroha was a series of peasant movements between 1766 and 1834 by the tribal inhabitants of the countryside surrounding the Jungle Mahals settlements of Dhalbhum, Midnapore, Bishnupur and Manbhum again ...

was a prolonged tribal uprising against British

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

oppression in the

Jungle Mahals Jungle Mahals ( jungle estates) was a district formed by British possessions and some independent chiefdoms lying between Birbhum, Burdwan, Midnapore and the hilly country of Chota Nagpur in what is now the Indian state of West Bengal.O’Malle ...

region, led by figures like Jagannath Singh Patar, Durjan Singh,

Rani Shiromani Rani Shiromani was the queen of Karnagarh, during the Company rule in India. She was a valiant leader of peasants who rebelled against the British East India Company. she played a major role in the Chuar Rebellion in Midnapore. She created the fi ...

, Madhav Singha Dev and

Ganga Narayan Singh Ganga Narayan (also known as Ganga Narain Singh and Gunga Narain Sing) (25 April 1790 – 7 February 1833) was an Indian revolutionary from the Jungle Mahals who was the leader of Bhumij rebellion. He led a revolt against the East India Company ...

. *1770-1787 - Chakma revolt in

Chittagong Hill Tracts The Chittagong Hill Tracts (), often shortened to simply the Hill Tracts and abbreviated to CHT, refers to the three hilly districts within the Chittagong Division in southeastern Bangladesh, bordering India and Myanmar (Burma) in the east: Kh ...

. *1774-1779: ''Halba Dongar'' by Halba tribes in

Bastar state Bastar state was a princely state in India during the British Raj. It was founded in the early 13th century by Annamaraja, a brother of the last ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty, Prataparudra II. It is today used to refer to the same region, cal ...

against British armies and the

Marathas The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...

. *1778: Revolt of the Paharia Sardars of Chota Nagpur against the British. *1784-1785: Uprising of the Mahadev Koli tribes in

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

and Tilka Manjhi of Santal Tribe. *1789: Revolt of the Tamar of Chotanagpur against British. *1794-1795: The Tamars revolted again. *1798: The revolt of the tribals against the sale of

Panchet Panchet is a census town in Nirsa CD block in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. History During construction of dam several ruin of Tilakampa kingdom were submerged in the dam. Telkupi was capital ...

estate in Chotanagpur.

19th century

*1812: The

Kurichiya Kurichiya or Kurichiyar also known as Hill Brahmins

r and

Kurumbar Kuruba is a Hindu caste native to the Indian state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are the third-largest caste group in Karnataka. Traditionally, these are shepherds who used to do the work of sheep/goat and animal ...

rebelled in

Wayanad Wayanad () is a district in the north-east of the Indian state of Kerala, with its administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta. It is the only plateau in Kerala. The Wayanad Plateau forms a continuation of the Mysore Plateau, ...

. *1822-1824: Gurjar tribe in the Roorkee-Haridwar-Saharanpur region of the United Provinces under the leadership of Raja Vijay Singh of Kunja Bahadarpur organized an armed rebellion against the British, which was recognized by the British government as a 'Goojar Revolt' of 1824. *1825: Singphos attacked and set fire to the British magazine at

Sadiya Sadiya is a town in Tinsukia district, Assam, in India. It was the capital of the Chutia Kingdom but after the downfall of the kingdom, Prasengmung Borgohain was appointed as the Sadiya-khowa-Gohain of the Ahom kingdom. Extensive remains of ...

in Assam. *1828: Singphos Chief attacked Sadiya with 3000 tribal warriors. *1831-1832:

Kol uprising Kol uprising, also known in British records as the Kol mutiny was a revolt of the tribal Kol people of Chhota Nagpur that took place between 1831 and 1832. It was due to economic exploitation brought on by the systems of land tenure and admini ...

of Kol tribals including the Ho, Oraon,

Bhumij Bhumij may refer to: * Bhumij people, tribal ethnic group of India * Bhumij language, the language of Bhumij people * Bhumija, type of Shikhara {{Disambiguation ...

and

Munda people The Munda people are an Austroasiatic-speaking ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They speak Mundari as their native language, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of Austroasiatic languages. The Munda are found mainly concentrated in ...

in Chota Nagpur. *1843: Singpho Chief Nirang Phidu attacked the British garrison and killed several soldiers. *1849: Kadma Singpho attacked British villages in Assam and was captured. *1850: The

Khond Khonds (also spelt Kondha and Kandha) are an indigenous Dravidian tribal community in India. Traditionally , hunter-gatherers, they are divided into the hill-dwelling Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds for census purposes, but the Khonds the ...

tribe revolted in

Orissa Tributary States The Orissa Tributary States, also known as the Gadajats (ଗଡ଼ଜାତ) or the Orissa Feudatory States, were a group of princely states of British India now part of the present-day Indian state of Odisha. The Orissa Tributary States were ...

under leadership of chief Bisoi. * Telanga Kharia rebelled in Chotanagpur Division. *1855-1856: The Santal Hul by the Santhal community against the British in

Rajmahal Hills The Rajmahal Hills are located in the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand, India. They were located on the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent, and its hills are today inhabited by the Sauria Paharia people whilst its valleys are do ...

led by Sido and Kanho. *1857:

Chero The Chero is a caste found in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in India. History and origin The community claims to have originally been tribal people. The Chero are essentially one of many tribal communities, such as the Bhar ...

and

Kharwar Kharwar is a surname used by odh found in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and West Bengal in India and Sindh in Pakistan. Etymology The ''Khar'' grass is totem of the Kharwar. They don't cut or inju ...

revolt in Chota Nagpur as part of the wider

1857 Rebellion The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form ...

. *1857-1858: The

Bhil Bhil or Bheel refer to the various Indigenous peoples, indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura. Though they now speak the Bhili ...

revolted between the

Vindhya The Vindhya Range (also known as Vindhyachal) () is a complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments in west-central India. Technically, the Vindhyas do not form a single mountain range in the ...

and

Satpura The Satpura Range, formerly also known as the Seeonee Hills, is a range of hills in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and ends in Chhattisgarh. The range paral ...

ranges under the leadership of Bhagoji Naik and Kajar Singh as part of the 1857 rebellion. * 1859: The Andamanese in the Battle of Aberdeen. *1860: The Mizo raided

Tripura state Tripura () is a state in northeastern India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers ; and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million. It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east and by Bangladesh to the ...

and killed 186 British subjects. *1860-1862: The

Synteng The Pnar, also known as Jaiñtia, are a sub-tribal group of the Khasi people in Meghalaya, India. The Pnar people are matrilineal. They speak the Pnar Language, which belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family and is very similar to the Kha ...

revolt in the

Jaintia Hills The Khasi and Jaintia Hills are a mountainous region in India that was mainly part of Assam and Meghalaya. This area is now part of the present Indian constitutive state of Meghalaya (formerly part of Assam), which includes the present distri ...

Eastern Bengal and Assam Eastern Bengal and Assam was a Presidencies and provinces of British India, province of British India between 1905 and 1912. Headquartered in the city of Dacca, it covered territories in what are now Bangladesh, Northeast India and North Bengal, ...

. *1861: The Juang community revolted in Orissa. *1862: The

Koya Koya may refer to: Places Iraq * Koya; (), a town in Iraqi Kurdistan ** Koya University, a university in that town Japan * Mount Kōya, a mountain in Japan ** Kōya, Wakayama, a town on the top of Mount Kōya * Kōya Station (Tokyo), a train st ...

community revolted in the Godavari district against ''Muttaders.'' *1869-1870: The Santhals revolted at

Dhanbad Dhanbad is the second-most populated city in the Indian state of Jharkhand after Jamshedpur and a major financial hub of Jharkhand. In terms of economy, Dhanbad has the largest economy in the state of Jharkhand and it is often referred to as th ...

against a local monarch. The British mediated to settle dispute. *1879: The

Naga Naga or NAGA may refer to: Mythology * Nāga, a serpentine deity or race in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions ** Phaya Naga, mythical creatures believed to live in the Laotian stretch of the Mekong River ** Naga, another name for Bakunawa, an ...

revolted in Assam. *1879: The Koya revolted at Malkangiri in the Vishakapatnam Hill Tracts Agency under leadership of Tammandora. *1883: The

Sentinelese The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are Indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Designated a particularly vulnerable tribal group a ...

tribal people of

Andaman and Nicobar Islands The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India comprising 572 islands, of which only 38 are inhabited. The islands are grouped into two main clusters: the northern Andaman Islands and the southern Nicobar Islands, separated by a ...

in the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...

attacked the British. *1889: The mass agitation by the

Munda __NOTOC__ Munda may refer to: Places India * Munda, a village in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India * Munda Majra, a former village in Haryana, India * Munda Pind, a village in Punjab, India Pakistan * Munda, a village near Bilyamin in Kur ...

against the British in Chota Nagpur. *1890-1895: The

Lushai Rising The Lushai Rising was the conflict between the British and the Lushai chiefs in 1890-1895, which began following the annexation of the Lushai Hills after the Chin-Lushai Expedition. It concerned the Western chiefs, the Eastern chief and South ...

saw the Lushai tribes revolting against the British repeatedly. First as the Western Lushai Rising under

Khalkam Khalkam was a Lushai chief of the 19th century. He is known for being the son of Sukpilal and for being an enemy of the British, which led to the Lushai Rising. Khalkam was deported to Hazaribagh jail after British capture, where he committed s ...

, then a southern Rising under

Zakapa Zakapa, also known as Jacopa, was a Mizo chieftain of the Fanai clan and ruled the Vanlaiphai villages in present-day southern Mizoram, India. He is best known for his participation in the Lushai Rising. Early life Zakapa was a descendant of ...

and an Eastern Rising under

Lalbura Lalburha (, 1843–1933) was a Lushai chief in the Eastern Lushai Hills and ruled the settlement of Champhai. Lalbura is recognised for being the third son of Vonolel and the target of the Lushai Expedition in 1871. His anti-British diplomacy le ...

. *1891: The Anglo-Manipuri war where the British conquered the kingdom of Manipur. *1899-1900: Revolt by the

tribal community under leadership of

Birsa Munda Birsa Munda (15 November 1875 – 9 June 1900) was an Indian tribal independence activist, and folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe. He spearheaded a tribal religious millenarian movement that arose in the Bengal Presidency (now Jharkha ...

(The Ulgulan).

20th century

*1910:

Bastar rebellion The Bastar Rebellion, also known as the Bhumkal Movement was an Adivasi rebellion in 1910 against the British Raj in the princely state of Bastar,its Central part is located on a plateau North of this plateau is chhattisgarh plain and South of ...

in Bastar state of the Central Provinces of Berar. *1913-1914: Tana Bhagat movement in Bihar. *1913: Revolt of Bhils in the Mangarh Hills of the Aravalli Range. *1917-1919: Kuki Uprising in Manipur against British colonial rule under the leadership of their chieftains called ''haosa.'' *1920-1921: Tana Bhagat movement happened again. *1922: The Koya tribal community revolted at in the Godavari Agency against the British under leadership of

Alluri Sitarama Raju Alluri Sitarama Raju (4 July 1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed rebellion against the British Raj, British colonial rule in India. He led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922, Rampa rebellion (1922–1924) whic ...

. *1932: The Nagas revolted under leadership of 14-year old

Rani Gaidinliu Gaidinliu Pamei (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993) popularly known as Rani Gaidinliu was an Indian Naga spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against British rule in India. At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka religious moveme ...

Manipur Manipur () is a state in northeastern India with Imphal as its capital. It borders the Indian states of Assam to the west, Mizoram to the south, and Nagaland to the north and shares the international border with Myanmar, specifically t ...

. *1941: The Gond and the

Kolam Kolam (, , ), also known as Muggu (), Tarai Alangaram () and Rangoli (), is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using rice flour as per age-old conventions. It is also drawn using white stone powder, chalk or chalk powder, oft ...

revolted in collaboration against British Government in the Adilabad district of

Hyderabad state Hyderabad State () was a princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the ...

. *1942: Tribal revolt under leadership of Lakshmana Naik at

Koraput Koraput is a town and a Municipality in Koraput district in the Indian state of Odisha. Koraput town is the district headquarter of Koraput district. History The district of Koraput derives its name from its headquarters in the present town o ...

Jeypore state Jeypore Estate or Jeypore Zamindari was a Zamindari estate of the Madras Presidency and later of Orissa Province in British India. Historically it was a kingdom known as Jeypore Kingdom, located in the highlands of the western interiors of the ...

. *1942-1945: The tribes of Andaman and Nicobar islands revolted against occupation of their islands by Japanese troops during World War II.

Gallery

File:Tilka_Majhi.jpg, Statue of Tilka Majhi File:Telanga Kharia.jpg, Telanga Kharia File:Attack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantry.jpg, An illustration of an engagement during the

Santhal rebellion The Sonthal Rebellion, also known as the Santhal Rebellion, Santal Rebellion, or Santhal Hool, was a rebellion in present-day Jharkhand against the East India Company (EIC) and zamindari system by the Santals. It started on 30 June 1855, and on ...

by ''

The Illustrated London News ''The Illustrated London News'', founded by Herbert Ingram and first published on Saturday 14 May 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly news magazine. The magazine was published weekly for most of its existence, switched to a less freq ...

'' File:Statue of Sidhu and Kanhu in Dinajpur District 01.jpg, Statue of Sidhu and Kanhu File:Anglo-manipur-war-1891.jpeg, Anglo-Manipur War-1891 File:Birsa Munda, photograph in Roy (1912-72).JPG,

File:Veer Jatra Tana Bhagat.jpg, Statue of Jatra Tana Bhagat, Tana Bhagat Movement File:Alluri Sita Rama Raju statue.jpg, Statue of

File:Gaidinliu.jpg,

References

{{Reflist *Khan, Ismail. 1986-''Indian tribe through the ages''. Vikas publishing house, New Delhi. *Gautam Bhadra. 1975. "The Kuki (?) Uprising (1917-1919): Its causes and Nature," ''Man in India,'' vol.55,1, pp. 10–56 *Pattnaik .B. K., 2013. Tribal Resistance Movements and the Politics of Development Induced Displacement in Contemporary Orissa, Social Change, Vol. 43(1), pp 53–78 *Baviskar Amita. (1995). In the belly of the river, tribal conflict over development in the Narmada valley. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. *Das, Vidhya (2001). Mining bauxite, maiming people, Economic and Political Weekly, 36(28), July 14–20: 2612–14 *Oliver-Smith Anthony (2001). Displacement, resistance and the critique of development: From the grassroots to the global, Final report prepared for ESCOR R7644 and Research Programme on Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford Rebellions in India Political uprisings in India