The Toyota T series is a family of inline-4

automobile A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily on roads, Car seat, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport private transport#Personal transport, peopl ...

engines manufactured by

Toyota is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is the List of manuf ...

beginning in 1970 and ending in 1985. It started as a pushrod

overhead valve An overhead valve engine, abbreviated (OHV) and sometimes called a pushrod engine, is a piston engine whose valves are located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with flathead (or "sidevalve") engines, where the v ...

(OHV) design and later performance oriented twin cam (

DOHC An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combus ...

) variants were added to the lineup. Toyota had built its solid reputation on the reliability of these engines. The '' 4T-GTE'' variant of this engine allowed Toyota to compete in the

World Rally Championship The World Rally Championship (abbreviated as WRC) is an international rallying series owned and governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, FIA. Inaugurated in 1973, it is the oldest FIA world championship after Formula One. E ...

in the early 1980s, making it the first Japanese manufacturer to do so. Race engines based on the 2T-G include the 100E and 151E. *All T engines utilize a timing chain and have a cast iron block with an alloy cylinder head with hardened valve seats and a

hemispherical combustion chamber A hemispherical combustion chamber is a combustion chamber in the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine with a domed "sphere, hemispheric" shape. An engine featuring this type of hemispherical chamber is known as a hemi engine. In pra ...

design (

HEMI Hemi may refer to: People Surname * Jack Hemi (1914–1996), New Zealand freezing worker, rugby union and league player, shearer * Ronald Hemi (1933–2000), New Zealand rugby union player Given name * Hemi Bawa, Indian painter and sculptor * ...

). *All T engines are carburetted except those with

electronic fuel injection Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All co ...

, "E" designation. *All T engines use a 2 valve OHV design except those with a DOHC performance head, "G" designation. *The 12T/13T has a sub-cylinder directly behind the

spark plug A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug, and, colloquially, a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air ...

that leads into a smaller chamber for emission purposes. __TOC__

Features overview

T

The first T engine displaced and was produced from 1970 through 1979. Cylinder bore and stroke is . Output is at 6,000 rpm and at 3,800 rpm. The more-powerful twin-

carburetor A carburetor (also spelled carburettor or carburetter) is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the Ventu ...

T-B was produced for the first six years, as well as the single carb T-D which had a somewhat higher compression ratio for . From 1977 there was also a T-J, a version with some simple emissions equipment intended for Japanese market commercial vehicles. With an 8.5:1 compression ratio, this produces at 6,000 rpm and at 3,800 rpm. The T-U also appeared in 1977 with even stricter emission equipment for Japanese market non-commercial vehicles. Applications: * 1970–1977

Toyota Carina The is an automobile which was manufactured by Toyota from December 1970 to December 2001. It was introduced as a sedan counterpart of the Toyota Celica, Celica, with which it originally shared a platform. Later, it was realigned to the Toyota ...

TA10/15/16V (first generation) * 1977–1979 Toyota Carina Van TA16V (second generation, T-J) *

Toyota Celica The is an automobile produced by Toyota from 1970 until 2006. The Celica name derives from the Latin word ''wikt:coelicus, coelica'' meaning ''heavenly'' or ''celestial''. In Japan, the Celica was exclusive to ''Toyota Corolla Store'' Car deale ...

TA20 *

Toyota Corolla The is a series of compact cars (formerly Subcompact car, subcompact) manufactured and marketed globally by the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Introduced in 1966, the Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has bee ...

TE20/25 *

TE30/35/50 * Toyota Sprinter TE40/50

2T

The larger 2T was produced from 1970 through 1984. Cylinder bore and stroke is . The 2T engines are usually coupled with either a T40 4 speed/T50 5 speed

manual transmission A manual transmission (MT), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canadian English, Canada, British English, the United Kingdom and American English, the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed ...

, or an A40 3 speed

automatic transmission An automatic transmission (AT) or automatic gearbox is a multi-speed transmission (mechanics), transmission used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. The 1904 ...

. Output for the early 2T-C bigport design is which is also due to different SAE testing methods, while the later version is at 5200 rpm and at 3800 rpm, compression at 9.0:1. The twin-carb 2T-B produces and . The 2T-J, for commercial vehicles with less restrictive emissions standards, produces at 6000 rpm and at 3800 rpm. Applications: *

E20 to E30 series *

A10 to A60 series *

A20 to A60 series * Toyota Corona TT100/106V/110 * Toyota Corona TT130/137V * Toyota Corona TT140 * Daihatsu Charmant * Toyota TownAce TR10V (2T-J) *

Daihatsu is a Japanese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. One of the oldest surviving Japanese internal combustion engine manufacturers, the company was known for building three-wheeled vehicles and off-road vehicle ...

Delta Wide TB10 This engine was also commonly used in Australian Formula Two race cars during the 1970s and 1980s, where they typically made between 180 and . The 1979 championship was won by a Toyota 2T-powered

Cheetah The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is a large Felidae, cat and the Fastest animals, fastest land animal. It has a tawny to creamy white or pale buff fur that is marked with evenly spaced, solid black spots. The head is small and rounded, wit ...

Mk6.

2T-G

The 2T-G, produced from 1970 through 1983, is a chain driven 8v

version. Output is and . Variants include the air-injected 2T-GR, Japan-spec 2T-GU, and

fuel injected Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of a fuel injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All co ...

2T-GEU. Twin sidedraft Mikuni- Solex PHH carburetors were used in non EFI versions. All 2T-G cylinder heads were cast by Yamaha, however, some are not marked as such. The 2T-G was replaced by the 4A-GE in most applications. Applications: * Toyota Corolla Levin/ Sprinter Trueno E20 through E70 series *

A20 through A60 series *

A10 through A60 series Like the 2.0 L 18R-G, the 2T-G was considered the flagship engine of Toyota's 1600 class until it was superseded by the 4A-GE in the 1980s. The 2T-G is still a popular engine for conversions to classic Celicas and Corollas and are often suitable for classic and formula racing series. When bored out to a maximum of and combined with a 3T crankshaft, the 2T and 2T-G will have a displacement of almost 2.0 L. The 2T and 3T series use the same

connecting rod A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a reciprocating engine, piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank (mechanism), crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the p ...

dimensions, with the different pin heights on the pistons. Aftermarket pistons are available from very low (<7.0:1) through to very high (>13.0:1) compression ratios. Racing 2T-G engines ("NOVA") featured bore and stroke for a displacement. Output is around at 6,000 rpm with a 12.0:1 compression ratio. This engine was used in

Formula 3 Formula Three (F3) is a third-tier class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America and Asia form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers. History Formula Three (adop ...

cars in both Europe and Japan (where it dominated), as well as in

Formula Pacific Formula Pacific was a motor racing category which was used in the Pacific Basin area from 1977 to 1982. It specified a single-seat, open-wheeler chassis powered by a production-based four-cylinder engine of under 1600cc capacity. The formula was bas ...

(FP).

12T

The 12T and 12T-U (lean burn) was produced from 1970 through 1983. It produces at 5,600 rpm and at 3,400 rpm. There was also a 12T-J version for commercial vehicles, which didn't have to meet as stringent emissions standards in Japan. In response to Honda's

CVCC CVCC, or , is an internal combustion engine technology developed and trademarked by the Honda Motor Company. The technology's name refers to its primary features: Compound refers to the use of two combustion chambers; Vortex refers to the vo ...

emissions, Toyota introduced " TTC-L", using a

lean burn Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. In lean-burn engines the air–fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air:fuel ratio needed to stoichiometry, stoichiometrically combust gas ...

implementation. Applications: *

TE52 * Aug 1979–Aug 1981

Van TE73 (12T-J) * Aug 1981–Aug 1983

Van TE74 (12T-J) * Mar 1976–Jul 1977

TA31-A * Aug 1977–Aug 1981

TA41-A * Aug 1979–Aug 1981 Toyota Carina Van TA49V-A (12T-J) * Aug 1977–Jun 1981

TA41-B * Jan 1980–Feb 1982 Toyota Celica Camry TA41-C * Aug 1977–Sep 1978 Toyota Corona TT120 * Sep 1978–Dec 1981 Toyota Corona TT130 * Dec 1979–Dec 1981 Toyota Corona Van TT138 (12T-J) * Jan 1982–Oct 1983 Toyota Corona Van TT147 (12T-J) * Toyota Sprinter TE66 * Toyota TownAce Wagon TR11G * Apr 1978–Sep 1981 Daihatsu Charmant A40 *

Delta Wide Wagon TB11G

3T

The 3T displaces and was produced from 1973 through 1985. Cylinder bore and stroke is . The 3T-U was originally compliant with Japan's 1976 emissions standards (TTC-C), from October 1977 it used Toyota's lean burn system called TGP ("Turbulence Generating Pot") in order to pass the 1978 emissions standards. The 3T OHV engines are mated to either of a T40 4-speed, T50 5-speed manual transmission, or an A40 3-speed, or A40D 4-speed automatic transmission. Output ranges from and between the California 3T-C and Japan-spec

3T-EU. Applications: * 1978–1981

TA47 (also TA57 in Japan) *

TA60 series *

TE72 * Aug 1973–Jan 1977 Toyota Corona TT121 * Toyota Corona TT130 series * Toyota Corona TT141 *

A60 series * Toyota Celica Camry TA50 series * Toyota Mark II/ Chaser TX30 series

13T

The 13T-U was produced from 1977 through 1982. It produces at 5,400 rpm and at 3,400 rpm with a twin barrel carburettor. Applications: * Aug 1979–Aug 1981 Toyota Corolla TE70 (Japan only) * Aug 1979–Aug 1981 Toyota Sprinter TE70 (Japan only) *

A40 series * Jan 1980– ? Toyota Celica Camry TA46 * Toyota TownAce TR15 * Toyota TownAce Truck TM20 * Jul 1977–Sep 1978 Toyota Corona TT126 * Mar 1980–Aug 1982

Toyota Cresta The is a mid-size luxury car built by Toyota. It was launched in 1980 and shared the chassis with the Toyota Mark II, Mark II/Cressida and Toyota Chaser, Chaser and was the top-level car at Japanese dealership ''Toyota Vista Store''. The ...

TX50 *

Toyota Chaser The is a mid-size car produced by Toyota. In the beginning, Chasers were four-door sedans and hardtop sedans; a two-door coupé was available only for the first generation. It was introduced on the Toyota Mark II (X30) platform and was only avai ...

and Toyota Mark II TX60 * Daihatsu Delta Wide Wagon TB15G (TownAce)

3T-GTE

The 3T-GTE, first released in September 1982, is the most performance oriented version of the 3T engine. It features a hemi chambered 8v twin-cam head with

twin-spark Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS) technology was used for the first time in the Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914. In the early 1960s it was used in their race cars (Alfa Romeo GTA, GTA, Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ, TZ) to enable it to achieve a higher power ou ...

(two

s per cylinder) design and swirl inlet ports for better efficiency. The EFI system saw the introduction of knock control. It is turbocharged by a Toyota CT20 Turbo (the same unit as used in the 2L-T diesel) to generate at 6,000 rpm and at 4,800 rpm. This was the first turbocharged twin-cam engine built in Japan. Units built after May 1983 received a water cooled

turbocharger In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into th ...

.''Toyota Twin Cam''
p. 12 The engine was considerably over-engineered for durability, for instance featuring doubled cam roller chains, as it was also to form the basis for the 4T-GT competition engines. It either came mated to a W55 5speed manual with a larger clutch and lighter, flywheel or an A43D 4-speed automatic transmission. Applications: * Sept 1982–Jul 1985

TA63 * Sept 1982–Jul 1985

TA63 * Jan 1982–Aug 1985 Toyota Corona TT142 3T-GTE powered vehicles are badged as GT-T or GT-TR.

4T-GTE

This is the version of the T family which powered Toyota's

Group B Group B was a set of regulations for Grand tourer, grand touring (GT) cars used in sports car racing and rallying introduced in 1982 by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Although permitted to enter a GT class of the World S ...

and

cars. The homologation engine, introduced in November 1982, features a increase in bore over the 3T, giving . With a multiplication factor of 1.4 for turbocharged engines, this equalled in the eyes of the FIA, placing the Celica in the class. The smaller 3T engine would have fit snugly under the 2.5-liter limit, but being in the larger class allowed Toyota to stretch the 4T-GT engine to , for a converted displacement of which better suited the comparatively heavy Celica.''Toyota Twin Cam''
p. 24 In race trim it was a high-performance engine of with either a Toyota or a KKK/K27

, electronic fuel injection, and a twin-spark

ignition system Ignition systems are used by heat engines to initiate combustion by igniting the fuel-air mixture. In a spark ignition versions of the internal combustion engine (such as petrol engines), the ignition system creates a spark to ignite the fuel-ai ...

, producing depending on race trim. The 1984 Group B rally version produced at 8,000 rpm. The road going homologation version (4T-GTEU, 200 built) produces . The total build number, including modified versions, was 228. Applications: * Oct 1982–Aug 1983 Toyota Celica (A60) GT-TS TA64 * Toyota Celica Turbo "IMSA GTO" *

Toyota Supra is a sports car and grand tourer manufactured and developed by the Toyota Motor Corporation beginning in 1978. The name " supra" is a definition from the Latin prefix, meaning "above", "to surpass" or "go beyond". The initial four generations ...

JGTC * Toyota 83C * Toyota 84C * Toyota 85C * Toyota 86C * Eagle Mk I

Race engines

The '151E' engine used 4 valves per cylinder. The '100E' engine used twin spark plugs with 2 valves per cylinder but was used mainly by a Toyota works team. Italy Nova Corporation produced a 2.0 L engine based on the 2T-G that was used in most of the world F3 cars for a long time. The production 4T-GTE was stretched to for race use.

External links

Toyota 3TC Corolla Site

Toyota Corolla Levin 2T-G Corolla Site

References

{{reflist Toyota engines Straight-four engines Gasoline engines by model