Classification
Some have tentatively associated the Ticuna language within the proposals of the macro-arawakano or with macro-tukano stocks, although these classifications are highly speculative given the lack of evidence. A more recent hypothesis has linked Yuri-Ticuna with the Saliban and Hoti languages in the Duho stock. However, the linguistic consensus is that Ticuna may actually be considered aSociolinguistic situation
Brazil
Ticuna is the Indigenous language most widely spoken in Brazil. Despite being home to more than 50% of the Ticunas, Brazil has only recently started to invest in native language education. Brazilian Ticunas now have a written literature and an education provided by the Brazilian National Foundation for the Indian (FUNAI) and thePeru
Ticunas in Peru have had native language education at least since the 1960s. They use a writing system that was, apparently, the base for the development of the Brazilian one. However, much of the literature available to Peruvian Ticunas comprise standard textbooks.Colombia
Colombian Ticunas are taught in Spanish, when they have access to school at all. Since the establishment of Ticuna schools in Brazil some have ventured to attend them.Christian Ministries
A number of Christian ministries have reached the Ticuna people. These ministries have translated the Bible into the native Ticuna language and even have a weekday radio show that is broadcast in Ticuna, Portuguese, and Spanish by the Latin American Ministries (LAM).Literacy
Besides its use at the Ticuna schools, the language has a dozen books published every year, both in Brazil and Peru. Those books employ a specially devised phonetic writing system using conventions similar to those found in Portuguese (except for K instead of C and the letter Ñ instead of NH) instead of the more complex scientific notation found, for instance, at the Language Museum. In school Ticuna is taught formally. Children in schools typically in areas of Catholic Missionaries are also taught either Portuguese or Spanish as well.Phonology
Vowels
Vowels qualities are . Vowels may be nasalized and/or show creaky voice, under which tones are lowered.Anderson, Doris, ''Conversational Ticuna'', Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1962 There are diphthongs and that carry a single tone, contrasting with vowel sequences and that carry two tones. The six vowels may be nasal or laryngealized. The sixth vowel is spelled ''ü''.Tones
Ticuna is an unusually tonal language for South America, with over 10 mostly contour tones. Ticuna has one of the largest tone inventories in the world with 8–12 phonemic tones depending on the dialect. Tones are only indicated orthographically, with diacritics, when confusion is likely. Research has indicated isolated tonal languages with complex tones are more likely to occur in regions of higher humidity and higher mean average temperature because it is believed the vocal folds can produce less consistent tones in colder, drier air. Ticuna was one of the languages of focus in this study due to its prevalence—and complexity—of tones.Consonants
The consonants of Ticuna consist of the following phonemes: Natively, Ticuna has no lateral or uvular consonants, although /l/ is found in some Spanish loanwords. The affricate (spelled "y") may be pronounced as , and also , but only before the vowel . A central vowel sound may also be pronounced as a back sound. Other sounds, are found in Spanish loans. Consonants may also be glottalized. Glottal stop is spelled ''x.''Orthography
The letters of the Ticuna alphabet are as follows: Letters f, j, k, l, s, v, z are used in Spanish loanwords. Nasalization is indicated with a tilde, and laryngeal vowels with a macron below.Morphology
Ticuna is a fairly isolating language morphologically, meaning that most words consist of just one morpheme. However, Ticuna words usually have more than one syllable, unlike isolating languages such as Vietnamese. Typologically, Ticuna word order is subject–verb–object (SVO), though unusually this can vary within the language.Syntax
Ticuna displays nominative/accusative alignment, with person, number, noun class, and clause type indexed on the verb via proclitics. Transitive and unergative verbs tend to favor an Subject-(Object)-Verb word order, while unaccusative verbs show a preference for Verb-Subject word order.Vocabulary
The counting words in Ticuna imply a base five system of counting as the word for five is the combination of "one five". Six through nine all contain the same beginning "naixmixwa rü" and then append the values for one through four respectively (such that six is "naixmixwa rü" and "wüxi" meaning one).Examples of spoken language
An example of spoken Ticuna can be founVocabulary (Loukotka 1968)
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.References
External links