:''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of

cnidaria Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water, freshwater and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroid (zoology), hydroids, ...

ns usually known as

Leptomedusae Leptothecata, or thecate hydroids, are an order of hydrozoans in the phylum Cnidaria. Their closest living relatives are the athecate hydroids, which are similar enough to have always been considered closely related, and the very apomorphic Siph ...

.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of basidiomycote

fungus A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

which contains several

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

plant pathogens Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like orga ...

. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in 2008. and held 61 species in 2020. In 2008, genus '' Glomosporium'' and ''Kochmania'' were declared synonyms of ''Thecaphora''. Also ''Sorosporium mohgaoense'' became '' Thecaphora mohgaoensis'' . The genus ''Thecaphora'' contains plant-parasitic microfungi infecting hosts belonging to a range of

dicotyledonous The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, ...

families. The species and their current nomenclature were summarised by Vánky et al. (2008), and Vánky (2012). Recently, three new species were described in Crous et al. (2018), Kruse et al. (2018), and Piątek et al. (2021). ''Thecaphora'' species are characterised by having spores in balls (or rarely single), generally without sterile cells, and infections are found in a range of different organs of their host plants.

Hosts

''Thecaphora solani'' (also called potato smut), is a smut fungus attacking tubers and underground stems of ''

Solanum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' species, including potato ''

Solanum tuberosum The potato () is a starchy tuberous vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are underground stem tubers of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'', a perennial in the nightshade famil ...

'' and also tomato ''

Solanum lycopersicum The tomato (, ), ''Solanum lycopersicum'', is a plant whose fruit is an edible berry that is eaten as a vegetable. The tomato is a member of the nightshade family that includes tobacco, potato, and chili peppers. It originated from and was d ...

'' and nearby native weed ''

Datura stramonium ''Datura stramonium'', known by the common names thornapple, jimsonweed (jimson weed), or devil's trumpet, is a poisonous flowering plant in the ''Datureae, Daturae'' Tribe (botany), tribe of the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its likely origi ...

'' (Mordue, 1988). in the Andean region of South America. It is not restricted to the higher, cooler elevations, but it has also been a problem in coastal Peru (Bazan de Segura 1960; Zachmann and Baumann, 1975), and also occurs in Mexico. The fungus can be transported within infected tubers and other planting material and also on their surfaces if they become contaminated with the spores. The fungus also can survive in the soil and therefore is difficult to eradicate. ''Thecaphora melandrii'' was found to infect species in the

Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...

family, forming sori with spore balls in the floral organs. This included ''

Silene latifolia ''Silene latifolia'', commonly known as white campion, is a dioecious flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to most of Europe, Western Asia and northern Africa. It is a herbaceous annual, occasionally biennial or a short-lived ...

'' , ''

Silene nutansa ''Silene'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing nearly 900 species, it is the largest genus in the family. Common names include campion and catchfly. Many ''Silene'' species are widely distributed, particularl ...

'' , '' Silene vulgarisa'' and '' Stellaria gramineaa'' It was found in Britain on ''

Silene uniflora ''Silene uniflora'' is a species of flowering plant in the carnation family known by the common name sea campion. Description ''Silene uniflora'' is a perennial plant that forms a mat with stems growing outwards to as much as 30 cm. The ste ...

'' ''Thecaphora schwarzmaniana'' was found on ''

Rheum ribes ''Rheum ribes'', the Syrian rhubarb or currant-fruited rhubarb, or warty-leaved rhubarb, is an edible wild rhubarb species in the genus ''Rheum''. It grows between 1000 and 4000 m on dunite rocks, among stones and slopes, and is now distributed ...

'' in Iran and Turkey. ''Thecaphora anthemidis'' was found on species of ''

Anthemis ''Anthemis'' is a genus of aromatic flowering plants in the family (biology), family Asteraceae, closely related to ''Chamaemelum'', and like that genus, known by the common name chamomile; some species are also called dog-fennel or mayweed. ''An ...

'' (

Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...

family). ''Thecaphora dahuangis'' causes leaf smut disease in ''

Rheum palmatum ''Rheum palmatum'' is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family (botany), family Polygonaceae. It is commonly called Chinese rhubarb, ornamental rhubarb, Turkey rhubarb or East Indian rhubarb. ''Rheum palmatum'' is a herbaceous peren ...

'' (or ''dahuang''), a folk medicinal plant in China.

Species

As accepted by

Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...

; *''

Thecaphora affinis :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in ...

'' *''

Thecaphora alsinearum :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of Plant pathology, plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained abo ...

'' *''

Thecaphora amaranthicola :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species i ...

'' *''

Thecaphora ambrosiae :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species i ...

'' *''

Thecaphora androsaces :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species i ...

'' *'' Thecaphora androsacina'' *'' Thecaphora anthemidis'' *'' Thecaphora arnicae'' *'' Thecaphora australiensis'' *'' Thecaphora burkartii'' *'' Thecaphora californica'' *'' Thecaphora capensis'' *'' Thecaphora capsularum'' *''

Thecaphora cerastii :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in ...

'' *'' Thecaphora cuneata'' *'' Thecaphora dahuangis'' *'' Thecaphora deformans'' *'' Thecaphora denticulata'' *'' Thecaphora desmodii'' *'' Thecaphora frezzii'' *'' Thecaphora haumanii'' *'' Thecaphora hedysari'' *'' Thecaphora heliopsidis'' *'' Thecaphora hennenii'' *'' Thecaphora hieronymi'' *'' Thecaphora hosackiae'' *'' Thecaphora iresines'' *'' Thecaphora italica'' *'' Thecaphora lagenophorae'' *'' Thecaphora lathyri'' *'' Thecaphora lithospermi'' *'' Thecaphora loti'' *'' Thecaphora lupini'' *'' Thecaphora maireanae'' *'' Thecaphora melampodii'' *'' Thecaphora melandrii'' *'' Thecaphora mexicana'' *'' Thecaphora mohgaoensis'' *'' Thecaphora molluginis'' *'' Thecaphora neomexicana'' *'' Thecaphora oberwinkleri'' *'' Thecaphora oxalidis'' *'' Thecaphora oxytropis'' *'' Thecaphora pakistanica'' *'' Thecaphora piluliformis'' *'' Thecaphora pimpinellae'' *'' Thecaphora polymniae'' *'' Thecaphora pulcherrima'' *'' Thecaphora pustulata'' *'' Thecaphora ruppiae'' *'' Thecaphora saponariae'' *'' Thecaphora schwarzmaniana'' *'' Thecaphora seminis-convolvuli'' *'' Thecaphora smallanthi'' *''

Thecaphora solani :''Thecaphora was also proposed for the order of cnidarians usually known as Leptomedusae.'' ''Thecaphora'' is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of Plant pathology, plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained abo ...

'' *'' Thecaphora solidaginis'' *'' Thecaphora sphaerophysae'' *'' Thecaphora spilanthis'' *'' Thecaphora stajsicii'' *'' Thecaphora thlaspeos'' *'' Thecaphora thornberi'' *'' Thecaphora trailii'' *'' Thecaphora trigonellae'' *'' Thecaphora tunicata'' *'' Thecaphora ulicis'' *'' Thecaphora viciae'' *'' Thecaphora viciae-amoenae'' Former species; * ''T. africana'' = '' Tolyposporium kuwanoanum'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. amaranthi'' = '' Glomosporium amaranthi'', Glomosporiaceae * ''T. anemarrhenae'' = '' Floromyces anemarrhenae'', Floromycetaceae * ''T. apicis'' = '' Moreaua apicis'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. astragali'' = ''Thecaphora affinis'' * ''T. aterrima'' = '' Moreaua aterrima'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. bulbinellae'' = '' Urocystis bulbinellae'', Urocystidaceae * ''T. carcinodes'' = '' Urocystis carcinodes'', Urocystidaceae * ''T. convolvuli'' = ''Thecaphora capsularum'' * ''T. convolvuli'' = ''Thecaphora capsularum'' * ''T. dactylidis'' = '' Jamesdicksonia dactylidis'',

Georgefischeriaceae The Georgefischeriaceae are a family of smut fungi in the Basidiomycota, class Exobasidiomycetes. Species in the family have a widespread distribution in both warm temperate areas and Old World tropical regions. The genus name of ''Georgefischer ...

* ''T. decaisneana'' = '' Schroeteria decaisneana'', Ascomycota * ''T. delastrina'' = '' Schroeteria delastrina'', Ascomycota * ''T. globuligera'' = '' Tolyposporium globuligerum'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. herteriana'' = '' Urocystis herteriana'', Urocystidaceae * ''T. hyalina'' = ''Thecaphora capsularum'' * ''T. inquinans'' = '' Prosthecium inquinans'',

Melanconidaceae The ''Melanconidaceae'' are a family of fungi in the order Diaporthales, class Sordariomycetes Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide d ...

* ''T. jubilei'' = ''Thecaphora androsaces'' * ''T. kochiana'' = '' Moreaua kochiana'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. lepidospermatis'' = '' Moreaua lepidospermatis'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. leptideum'' = '' Glomosporium leptideum'', Glomosporiaceae * ''T. leptocarpi'' = '' Restiosporium leptocarpi'', Websdaneaceae * ''T. littoralis'' = '' Moreaua littoralis'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. mauritiana'' = '' Moreaua mauritiana'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. mauritianum'' = '' Moreaua mauritiana'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. melanogramma'' = '' Schizonella melanogramma'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. muelleriana'' = '' Moreaua muelleriana'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. rhynchosporae'' = '' Moreaua fischeri'', Anthracoideaceae * ''T. rodwayi'' = '' Moreaua rodwayi'', Anthracoideaceae

References

External links

genus ''Thecaphora''
*Cazón I, Conforto C, Fernández FD, Paredes JA, Rago AM. 2016. Molecular detection of Thecaphora frezii in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. Journal of Plant Pathology http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/JPP.V98I2.034 {{Taxonbar, from=Q7777631 Ustilaginomycotina Basidiomycota genera