Tatami

are soft mats used as flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms. They are made in standard sizes, twice as long as wide, about , depending on the region. In martial arts, tatami are used for training in a dojo and for competition.

Tatami are covered with a weft-faced weave of on a warp of hemp or weaker cotton. There are four warps per weft shed, two at each end (or sometimes two per shed, one at each end, to reduce cost). The (core) is traditionally made from sewn-together rice straw, but contemporary tatami sometimes have compressed wood chip boards or extruded polystyrene foam in their cores instead or as well. The long sides are usually with brocade or plain cloth, although some tatami have no edging.

File:Modern tatami.JPG, Machine-sewing of tatami
File:Tatami sectional view.jpg, Cross-section of a modern tatami with an extruded polystyrene foam core
File:Men Making Tatami Mats, 1860 - ca. 1900.jpg, Making tatami mats, late 19th century.
File:Tatami.jpg, Close-up of mat surface and edging

History

The term ''tatami'' is derived from the verb , meaning 'to fold' or 'to pile'. This indicates that the early tatami were thin and could be folded up when not used or piled in layers.Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, entry for "tatami".

Tatami were originally a luxury item for the nobility. The lower classes had mat-covered earthen floors. During the Heian period, when the shinden-zukuri architectural style of aristocratic residences was consummated, the flooring of shinden-zukuri palatial rooms was mainly wooden, and tatami were used as seating only for the highest aristocrats.

In the Kamakura period, there arose the shoin-zukuri architectural style of residence for the samurai and priests who had gained power. This architectural style reached its peak of development in the Muromachi period, when tatami gradually came to be spread over whole rooms, beginning with small rooms. Floors completely covered with tatami came to be known as , , and rules concerning seating and etiquette determined the arrangement of the tatami in the rooms.

Before the mid-16th century, the ruling nobility and samurai slept on tatami or woven mats called , while commoners used straw mats or loose straw for bedding. Tatami were gradually popularized and reached the homes of commoners toward the end of the 17th century.

Houses built in Japan today often have few or no tatami-floored rooms. Having just one such room is common. Rooms having tatami flooring and other such traditional architectural features are referred to as ''nihonma'' or ''washitsu'', "Japanese-style rooms".

File:Saikū Historical Museum - Display item04 - The palace of Saiô - Miniature model.jpg, Green tatami in a museum model of the Saikū palace in ~the 9th century
File:Gaki zoshi - Tokyo - part 1.jpeg, Courtiers making music, circa 1150-1200
File:Otomo no Yakamochi Agedatamibon.gif, As a dais, ~13th century
File:Tengu zoshi, Nezu Museum scroll, detail 2.jpg, An almost-completely-covered floor in an illustration drawn in 1296
File:Sleeping two, Kasuga Gongen Genki (1309).jpg, Tatami being used as sleeping mats, 1309 (see futon)

Size

Tatami can be categorized by their size, correlated to their place of origin:

* tatami: , originated from Kyoto
* tatami: , also called tatami, originated from Nagoya
* tatami: , also called tatami, originated from Tokyo

In terms of traditional Japanese length units, a tatami is 1 by 0.5'' ken'', or equivalently 6 by 3'' shaku''. The length of these units varies regionally, which led different regions to develop separate tatami size conventions. One ''shaku'' is approximately the same length as one foot in the British-American measurement system. As for thickness, is average for tatami, while is the norm for tatami.Sato Osamu, "A History of Tatami," in Chanoyu Quarterly no. 77 (1994).

A half mat is called a , and a mat of three-quarter length is called a ( or ), which is used in .

In Japan, the size of a room is usually measured in relation to the size of , about for a standard Nagoya-size tatami. Alternatively, in terms of traditional Japanese area units, room area (and especially house floor area) is measured in terms of '' tsubo,'' where one ''tsubo'' is the area of two tatami mats (forming a square); formally 1 by 1''ken'' or about .

Some common room sizes in the Nagoya region are:
* mats = 9''shaku'' × 9''shaku'' ≈
* 6mats = 12''shaku'' × 9''shaku'' ≈
* 8mats = 12''shaku'' × 12''shaku'' ≈

Shops were traditionally designed to be mats, and Japanese tea rooms are frequently mats.

Another format is the tatami, originating from the Ryūkyū Islands, which are square and can have various measurements. tatami do not have borders, and have become popular in modern times for their simplicity.

Layout

There are rules concerning the number of tatami mats and their layout in a room. In the Edo period, and tatami arrangements were distinctly differentiated, with tatami rearranged depending on the occasion. In modern practice, the "auspicious" layout is normally used. In this arrangement, the junctions of the tatami form a "T" shape; in the "inauspicious" arrangement, the tatami are in a grid pattern wherein the junctions form a "+" shape. An auspicious tiling often requires the use of mats to tile a room. It is NP-complete to determine whether a large room has an auspicious arrangement using only full mats.

An inauspicious layout was used to avoid bad fortune at inauspicious events such as funerals. Now it is widely associated with bad luck and itself avoided.

File:JapanHomes101 ARRANGEMENT OF MATS IN DIFFERENT-SIZED ROOMS.jpg, upright=0.3, Some auspicious layouts from the early 1800s (Edo Period)
Image:Tatami layout 1.svg, One possible auspicious layout of a  mat room
Image:Tearoom layout.svg, Typical layout of a  mat tea room in the cold season, when the hearth built into the floor is in use. The room has a ''tokonoma'' and '' mizuya dōko''
Image:Youkoukan06n4592.jpg, Room with tatami flooring in an inauspicious layout and paper doors (shōji)
File:Anforet 3F 2017-06-02 ac (2).jpg, An auspicious layout
File:ITatami (8465411258).jpg, "T" shape
File:Tatami (51687126569).jpg, Ryūkyū ''tatami'' are square shaped without borders

See also

* Higashiyama Bunka in Muromachi period
* Petate

References

External links

*

{{Authority control

Interior design
Japanese architectural features
Japanese home
Japanese rugs and carpets
Straw products
Units of area