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''Syagrus romanzoffiana'', the queen palm or cocos palm, is a
palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae **List of Arecaceae genera * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music * Palm (ba ...
native to
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...
, introduced throughout the world as a popular ornamental garden tree. ''S. romanzoffiana'' is a medium-sized palm, quickly reaching maturity at a height of up to tall, with pinnate
leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...
having as many as 494 pinnae ( leaflets), although more typically around 300, each pinna being around in length and in width.


Etymology

Named after
Nikolay Rumyantsev Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (; 3 April 1754 – 3 January 1826), born in Saint Petersburg, was Russia's Foreign Minister and Chancellor of the Russian Empire in the run-up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1808–12). He was the son of ...
(1754–1826), who was
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
's Foreign Minister and Imperial Chancellor and notable patron of the Russian voyages of exploration. He sponsored the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe. It was previously scientifically known as ''Cocos plumosa'', a name under which it became popular in the horticultural trade in the early 20th century. In some areas of the world the plant is still popularly known as the cocos palm.


Taxonomy

This palm was first scientifically described and validly published as ''Cocos romanzoffiana'' in 1822 in Paris in a folio of illustrations made by the artist Louis Choris, with a description by the French-German poet and botanist
Adelbert von Chamisso Adelbert von Chamisso (; 30 January 178121 August 1838) was a German poet and botanist, author of ''Peter Schlemihl'', a famous story about a man who sold his shadow. He was commonly known in French as Adelbert de Chamisso (or Chamissot) de Bonc ...
. Both men had participated in the first Russian scientific expedition around the world under command of
Otto von Kotzebue Otto von Kotzebue (russian: О́тто Евста́фьевич Коцебу́, tr. ;  – ) was a Russian officer and navigator in the Imperial Russian Navy. He was born in Reval. He was known for his explorations of Oceania. Early life ...
, and funded by
Nikolay Rumyantsev Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (; 3 April 1754 – 3 January 1826), born in Saint Petersburg, was Russia's Foreign Minister and Chancellor of the Russian Empire in the run-up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1808–12). He was the son of ...
, during which they collected this plant in the hinterland of Santa Catarina, Brazil in late 1815. Meanwhile, in England, sometime around 1825
Loddiges The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt ''Loddige'') managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, palms and orchids into Europea ...
nursery had imported seed of a palm from Brazil which they dubbed ''Cocos plumosa'' in their catalogue, a ''nomen nudum''. The horticulturist
John Claudius Loudon John Claudius Loudon (8 April 1783 – 14 December 1843) was a Scottish botanist, garden designer and author. He was the first to use the term arboretum in writing to refer to a garden of plants, especially trees, collected for the purpose of ...
in 1830 listed this plant among 3 species of the '' Cocos''
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
then grown in Britain, and mentioned its possible identification as Karl von Martius' ''C. comosa''. One of Loddiges' seedlings had eventually found its way to the new palm stove built at Kew Gardens in the 1840s, where it had grown to a height of 50–60 ft, and where botanists had been determined it to be another of von Martius' species; ''C. coronata''. In 1859 this palm flowered and produced fruit for the first time, which made it clear that its previous identification was incorrect and thus the director of the garden,
Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...
, 'reluctantly' published a valid description for Loddiges' name ''C. plumosa'' in 1860. ''C. plumosa'' became a popular ornamental plant around the world, and plants continued to be sold under this name as of 2000. From 1887 onwards
Odoardo Beccari Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbre ...
published a review of the genus ''Cocos''. Under subgenus ''Arecastrum'' he listed the taxa ''C. romanzoffiana'' of Santa Catarina, ''C. plumosa'' known only from cultivation from seedlings from the plant in Kew, ''C. australis'' of Argentina to Paraguay, ''C. datil'' of eastern Argentina and Uruguay, ''C. acrocomioides'' of
Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul () is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil. Neighboring Brazilian states are (from north clockwise) Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and ...
, ''C. acaulis'' of
Piauí Piaui (, ) is one of the states of Brazil, located in the country's Northeast Region. The state has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.7% of the Brazilian GDP. Piaui has the shortest coastline of any coastal Brazilian state at 66& ...
,
Goiás Goiás () is a Brazilian state located in the Center-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state capital is Goiâ ...
and recently collected from the mountains of Paraguay bordering Brazil, and ''C. geriba'' (syn. ''C. martiana'') known as a variable species cultivated in gardens throughout Brazil (
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, , ; "Great River of the South") is a state in the southern region of Brazil. It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area. Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is border ...
,
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literall ...
, Paraná,
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
) and the Mediterranean region. Beccari noted that many of the palms being offered in the catalogues under various species names were actually ''C. geriba''. In 1912
Alwin Berger Alwin Berger (28 August 1871 – 20 April 1931) was a German botanist best known for his contribution to the nomenclature of succulent plants, particularly agaves and cacti. Born in Germany he worked at the botanical gardens in Dresden and Fra ...
reduced the taxon ''C. plumosa'', hitherto still only known from thousands in cultivation around the world yet not known from the wild, to a variety of ''C. romanzoffiana'', as ''C. romanzoffiana'' var. ''plumosa''. It was first moved from the genus ''Cocos'' in 1891 by
Otto Kuntze Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze (23 June 1843 – 27 January 1907) was a German botanist. Biography Otto Kuntze was born in Leipzig. An apothecary in his early career, he published an essay entitled ''Pocket Fauna of Leipzig''. Between 1863 and 1866 he ...
in his
Revisio Generum Plantarum ''Revisio Generum Plantarum'', also known by its standard botanical abbreviation ''Revis. Gen. Pl.'', is a botanic treatise by Otto Kuntze. It was published in three volumes; the first two of these appeared in 1891, and the third was published in ...
, which was widely ignored, but in 1916 Beccari raised ''Arecastrum'' to a monotypic genus and synonymised all species in the former subgenus to ''A. romanzoffianum''. By this time South American imports of palm seed were being sold across Europe under a plethora of names, according to Beccari often mislabelled but impossible to determine down to 'correct' geographical species, thus he interpreted the taxa to belong to a single extremely variable species. This interpretation was long followed. Beccari also considered ''C. botryophora'' part of this species, an interpretation that is now partially rejected. Beccari recognised the following, now rejected, varieties: *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''australe'' - from ''C. australis'', ''C. datil'' *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''botryophora'' - from ''C. botryophora''. As this taxon Beccari (mis)identified plants growing in
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
he earlier considered ''C. geriba''. Synonymy later rejected. *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''ensifolium'' - from ''C. botryophora'' var. ''ensifolium'' of
Bahia Bahia ( , , ; meaning "bay") is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-larges ...
. *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''genuinum'' - nominate form. Includes ''C. romanzoffiana'', ''C. plumosa'', ''C. geriba'', ''C. martiana''. *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''genuinum'' subvar. ''minus'' - from a dwarf individual plant of uncertain origins in cultivation in a private collection in
Hyères Hyères (), Provençal Occitan: ''Ieras'' in classical norm, or ''Iero'' in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The old town lies from the sea clustered arou ...
, France. *''Arecastrum romanzoffianum'' var. ''micropindo'' - from a population of dwarf plants from Paraguay earlier misidentified as ''C. acaulis''. Beccari also reinstated Martius' ''Syagrus''. ''Arecastrum'' was subsumed under '' Syagrus'' in 1968. A
genetics Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar work ...
study by Bee F. Gunn found that ''S. romanzoffiana'' did not group with the other two ''Syagrus'' species tested, but with '' Lytocaryum weddellianum''. If this has merit, then ''L. weddelianum'', being the junior taxon, becomes ''Arecastrum weddelianum''.


Distribution

It occurs from eastern and central
Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...
and northern
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...
north to eastern and southern
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
and northern
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
. It is quite common in its native range. In Brazil it occurs in the states of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In Argentina it occurs in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Mendoza, Misiones (El Dorado, Guaraní, Iguazú), Santa Fe, San Juan and San Luis. In Uruguay it occurs in the departments of Maldonado, Montevideo, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, Tacuarembó and Treinta y Tres. In Paraguay it occurs in the departments of Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí and San Pedro.


Non-native distribution

The queen palm is reportedly naturalized to some extent in
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...
,
Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , establishe ...
,
Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Oce ...
, and the island of
Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It ...
. On Mauritius seedlings have been recorded from gardens in the now highly residential area 'Montagne Ory' near the village of
Moka Moka () is a village in Mauritius located in the Moka District, the western part of the village also lies in the Plaines Wilhems District. Since 1967 it forms part of Constituency No. 8 Quartier Militaire and Moka. The village is administered by ...
from 1981-1984 to at least 1999. The government of the
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
n state of Queensland considers it a potential 'invasive plant', and discourages home-owners from planting it, but it is not prohibited or restricted, or a declared weed. According to the 1989 Flora of Southeastern Queensland it is naturalised in southern Queensland and the
Atherton Tableland The Atherton Tableland is a fertile plateau which is part of the Great Dividing Range in Queensland, Australia. The principal river flowing across the plateau is the Barron River. It was dammed to form an irrigation reservoir named Lake Tina ...
. It is not regarded as an invasive or naturalised in
New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...
, although numerous sightings of it have been recorded around Sydney and the coast, including in nature parks. It has been classified as a
noxious weed A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or li ...
by one local council in New South Wales since at least 2010, as of 2015 it is not prohibited or restricted in the state, but classified as a 'serious threat ... not widely distributed in the area' in one local region. It was possibly first identified as a potential environmental weed for the area in a book from 1998. Sale is discouraged and the palms are being removed. It is widely planted throughout much of
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...
and other parts of the southern
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...
, although it is not yet widely established in the flora as of 2000.


Ecology

It is a common tree in many habitats. Birds recorded to eat the fruit pulp from fallen fruit include the rufous-bellied thrush (''Turdus rufiventris''), the
bananaquit The bananaquit (''Coereba flaveola'') is a species of passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. Before the development of molecular genetics in the 21st century, its relationship to other species was uncertain and it was either placed with ...
(''Coereba flaveola''), violaceous euphonia (''Euphonia violacea''), Brazilian tanager (''Ramphocelus bresilius'') and
tropical parula The tropical parula (''Setophaga pitiayumi'') is a small New World warbler. It breeds from southernmost Texas and northwest Mexico (Sonora) south through Central America to northern Argentina, including Trinidad and Tobago. This widespread and co ...
(''Parula pitiayumi''). Azure jays (''Cyanocorax caeruleus'') feed on the fruit pulp both picked directly from the infructescence as well as from fallen fruit lying on the ground, usually swallowing the fruits whole or transporting them away from the tree. The two toucans '' Ramphastos vitellinus'' and '' R. dicolorus'' pluck ripe fruits directly from the infructescence and regurgitate the seeds, the gamefowl chachalaca '' Ortalis guttata'' (or a closely related species, depending on one's taxonomic interpretation) and the two related guan '' Penelope obscura'' and '' P. superciliaris'', did so as well, but spread the seeds in their defecations and thus may be important dispersers. The squirrel ''Guerlinguetus brasiliensis'' ssp. ''ingrami'' is an important seed predator of this palm where the ranges of the two species overlap; breaking the nut open with its teeth at one of the three pores in the top of the nutshell. It preferentially targets bug-infested nuts. A long term study into feeding behaviour of this squirrel in a secondary ''Araucaria'' forest found that although in certain seasons other plants were consumed in larger quantities, the palm nuts were eaten in large quantities throughout the entire year and were thus the most important food item. Other important seed predators are seed-boring weevils and palm bruchid beetles of the genus ''Pachymerus''. Grubs of ''P. bactris'', ''P. cardo'' and ''P. nucleorum'' have all been found within the seed of this species (among many other species of related South American palms). The large, colourful weevil ''Revena rubiginosa'' appears to be the main seed predator in numerous areas. It is thought to probably be a specialist seed predator of this palm. It infests the developing seeds before the fruits are ripe, while they are still attached to the infructescence, the grubs exiting the seed to pupate underground around the palm when the fruit fall. Other weevils found to be seed predators of this palm are '' Anchylorhynchus aegrotus'' and ''A. variabilis'', but these species are also flower visitors and likely important specialized pollinators. The fruit are eaten by tapirs, which might be important seed dispersers, and some wild
canids Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', " dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within ...
such as the
pampas fox The Pampas fox (''Lycalopex gymnocercus''), also known as grey pampean fox, Pampas zorro, Azara's fox, or Azara's zorro (in Spanish also called , anglicized as aguarachay, in Portuguese also called ), is a medium-sized zorro, or "false" fox, n ...
and the
crab-eating fox The crab-eating fox (''Cerdocyon thous''), also known as the forest fox, wood fox, bushdog (not to be confused with the bush dog) or maikong, is an extant species of medium-sized canid endemic to the central part of South America since at least ...
. Three studies in Brazil, in four locations lacking other large frugivores such as squirrels, peccaries, deer and tapirs, found coati (''
Nasua nasua The South American coati (''Nasua nasua''), also known as the ring-tailed coati, is a coati species and a member of the raccoon family (Procyonidae), found in the tropical and subtropical parts of South America. An adult generally weighs from ...
'') to be important seed dispersers in such areas. The coati climb into the palm to get at the fruit, which in one urban study was found in 10% of all stool samples, although it constituted only 2.5% of the total faecal matter. Other important dispersing mammals were agoutis ('' Dasyprocta azarae''), which sometimes cache seeds. Black-eared opossum (''Didelphis aurita'') and a russet rice rat (''
Euryoryzomys russatus ''Euryoryzomys russatus'', also known as the russet oryzomys, russet rice rat, or big-headed rice rat, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is a member of the genus ''Euryoryzomys'', which was split off from ''Oryzomys'' in 2006. ...
'') were also found among the fallen fruits. The leaves of this palm are consumed by the caterpillars of the butterflies '' Blepolenis batea'' in Uruguay in 1974, ''Brassolis astyra'' ssp. ''astyra'', ''B. sophorae'' and ''
Catoblepia amphirhoe ''Catoblepia'' is a genus of Neotropical butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. Larvae feed on bananas and adults feed on rotting fruit. Species Listed alphabetically within groups:Santa Catarina in 1968, while ''Opsiphanes invirae'', the nominate form or possibly subspecies ''remoliatus'', was recorded feeding on this palm in both these regions. ''O. quiteria'' was also recorded feeding on the leaves in Argentina in 1969. Larvae of the giant day-flying moth ''
Paysandisia archon ''Paysandisia archon'' is a moth of the family Castniidae. It is native to Uruguay and central Argentina and has been accidentally introduced to Europe, where it is spreading rapidly. It is considered the only member of the genus ''Paysandisia''. ...
'' are known to attack the piths of this palm species, along with many other species, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palm are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers other genera of palm with more hairy trunks like '' Trachycarpus'', ''
Trithrinax ''Trithrinax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Coryphoideae of the family Arecaceae. The name is derived from ancient Greek, where ''tri'' means three, and ''thrinax'' trident. It was named in 1837 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Ma ...
'' or '' Chamaerops''. The caterpillars of the Indonesian butterfly ''Cephrenes augiades'' ssp. ''augiades'' and the Australian ''C. trichopepla'' may also feed on the leaves this palm. The bases of the pruned fronds remain on the tree for several months could serve as a habitat for insects or snails.


Cultivation and uses

The queen palm is planted in many tropical and subtropical areas. It is very popular as an ornamental tree and much used in urban
landscaping Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following: # Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ...
. It is quite hardy, to -5 °C (
zone Zone or The Zone may refer to: Places Climate and altitude zones * Death zone (originally the lethal zone), altitudes above a certain point where the amount of oxygen is insufficient to sustain human life for an extended time span * Frigid zone, ...
9a), but the dead fronds must be pruned to keep the tree visually pleasing. In some areas the fallen fruit are known for attracting unwelcome insects. The palm is often cut down in Brazil to use the
leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...
and
inflorescences An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
to provide animal (cattle)
fodder Fodder (), also called provender (), is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (includ ...
, especially in times of drought. The leaves are similarly used in Argentina. Its fruits are edible and sometimes eaten; consisting of a hard nut surrounded with a thin layer of fibrous flesh that is orange and sticky when ripe. The flavour is sweet and could be described as a mixture of plum and banana. According to Blombery & Rodd
982 Year 982 ( CMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Emperor Otto II (the Red) assembles an imperial expeditionary force at Tar ...
people eat the unexpanded leaves of apical buds in some regions. Fallen fruits are fed to pigs, and palm trunks are often used in construction, frequently hollowed out to make water pipes or aqueducts for irrigation. In 1920s Argentina it was cultivated as a crop. The young buds are consumed as vegetables, pickled or preserved in oil. The trunk of the palm provides
sago Sago () is a starch extracted from the pith, or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of ''Metroxylon sagu''. It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands, where it is c ...
.


Gallery

File:QueenPalmFlorida.jpg, ''Syagrus romanzoffiana'' growing in Central Florida. File:QueenPalmFloridianOld.jpg, Old palm in Punta Gorda, Florida. Syagrusrommanzoffiana.JPG, Inflorescence Queenfruit.JPG, Ripe fruit File:QueenPalmSunBurn.png, Queen palm in Phoenix, Arizona, showing sunburned fronds, a common issue with them in hot desert climates. Syagrus romanzoffiana Fruit.jpg Foz e o Jerivá.JPG, ''Syagrus romanzoffiana'' growing near the
Iguaçu Falls Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls ( gn, Chororõ Yguasu , es, Cataratas del Iguazú, links=no ; pt, Cataratas do Iguaçu ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paran ...
Syagrus romanzoffiana in Park Ceret São Paulo 003.jpg, Fruiting palms can be messy. This is in a city park in
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...
, Brazil. File:QueenPalmGeorgiaUSA.jpg, ''Syagrus romanzoffiana'' growing in coastal Georgia, USA. Brotogeris chiriri Syagrus romanzoffiana Ceret São Paulo.jpg, '' Brotogeris chiriri'' feeding on ''Syagrus romanzoffiana'' in
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...
.


References


External links

*
PACSOA.org: ''Syagrus romanzoffiana''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q604769 romanzoffiana Trees of South America Flora of Argentina Flora of Bolivia Flora of Brazil Flora of Paraguay Plants described in 1968 Garden plants of South America Ornamental trees