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Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1 or Global Goal 1), one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizi ...
in 2015, calls for the end of poverty in all forms. The official wording is: "No Poverty".United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
A/RES/71/313
Member countries have pledged to "Leave No One Behind": underlying the goal is a "powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first". SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and
conflict Conflict may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton * ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne * ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty. The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure
progress Progress is the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. In the context of progressivism, it refers to the proposition that advancements in technology, science, and social organization have resulted, and by extension w ...
. The five "outcome targets" are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social
disaster A disaster is a serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources ...
s. The two targets related to "means of achieving" SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels.Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018)
Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals
" (SDG 1) ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''
Despite the ongoing progress, 10 percent of the world's population live in poverty and struggle to meet basic needs such as health, education, and access to water and sanitation. Extreme poverty remains
prevalent In epidemiology, prevalence is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seatbelt use) at a specific time. It is derived by comparing the number o ...
in
low-income Poverty is the state of having few material possessions or little income. Poverty can have diverse
countries, particularly those affected by
conflict Conflict may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton * ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne * ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
and
political upheaval In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...
. In 2015, more than half of the world's 736 million people living in extreme poverty lived in Sub-Saharan Africa. Without a significant shift in social policy, extreme poverty will dramatically increase by 2030. The
rural poverty Rural poverty refers to poverty in rural areas, including factors of rural society, rural economy, and political systems that give rise to the poverty found there.Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002“Rural Development and Rural Po ...
rate stands at 17.2 percent and 5.3 percent in urban areas (in 2016). Nearly half are children. One of the key indicators that measure poverty is the proportion of population living below the international and national poverty line. Measuring the proportion of the population covered by social protection systems and living in households with access to basic services is also an indication of the level of poverty. Eradicating poverty has been made more difficult by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Local and national lockdowns led to a collapse in economic activity that reduced or eliminated sources of income and accelerated poverty. A study published in September 2020 found that poverty increased by 7 percent in just a few months, even though it had been steadily decreasing for the last 20 years.


Background

In 2013, an estimated 385 million children lived on less than US$1.90 per day. These figures are unreliable due to huge gaps in data on the status of children worldwide. On average, 97 percent of countries have insufficient data to determine the state of
impoverished Poverty is the state of having few material possessions or little children and make projections towards SDG Goal 1, and 63 percent of countries have no data on child poverty at all. Since 1990, countries around the world have taken various measures to reduce poverty and achieved remarkable results. The number of people living in Extreme poverty decreased from 1.8 billion to 776 million in 2013. Still, people continue to live in poverty with the World Bank estimating that 40 million to 60 million people will fall into extreme poverty in 2020. A very low poverty threshold is justified by highlighting the need of those people who are in the least favourable position. That target may not be adequate for human subsistence and
basic needs The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries globally. It works to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of c ...
, however, it is for this reason that changes relative to higher poverty lines are also commonly tracked. Poverty is more than the lack of income or resources: People live in poverty if they lack basic services such as
healthcare Health care or healthcare is the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health prof ...
,
security Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercive change) caused by others, by restraining the freedom of others to act. Beneficiaries (technically referents) of security may be of persons and social ...
, and education. They also experience hunger, social
discrimination Discrimination is the act of making unjustified distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. People may be discriminated on the basis of Racial discrimination, r ...
, and exclusion from decision-making processes. One possible alternative metric is the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Women face potentially life-threatening risks from early pregnancy and frequent pregnancies. These can result in lower education and income levels. Poverty affects age groups differently, with the most devastating effects experienced by children. It affects their education, health, nutrition, and security, impacting emotional and spiritual development. Achieving Goal 1 is impeded by lack of
economic growth Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of ...
in the poorest countries of the world, growing inequality, increasingly fragile statehood, and the impacts of climate change. Local governments play a relevant role in matters relating to poverty. These roles differ across the world and include: * Proper governance to fulfill the needs of the urban poor and be able to promote accountability and transparency. * Ensuring inclusive education to increase the chance of employability. * Working on the business ethics of community businesses that impact poor and rural communities. Before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the pace of global poverty reduction was retarding, and was forecasted that the global target of ending poverty by 2030 would be missed. However, the pandemic is pushing tens of millions of persons back into extreme poverty, undoing years of progress. It is estimated that the global extreme poverty rate is projected to be 8.4 to 8.8 percent in 2020, which is close to its level in 2017. Consequently, an estimated 40 to 60 million persons will be pushed back into extreme poverty, the first increase in global poverty in more than 20 years.


Targets, indicators and progress

Poverty eradication is important for the reduction of inequalities that currently exist among people and for the
socio-economic Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how modern societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their loc ...
and political stability of countries left behind. The UN defined 7 Targets and 14 Indicators for SDG 1. The main data source for SDG 1 indicators (including maps) come from Our World in Data's SDG Tracker. The targets cover a wide range of issues including the eradication of extreme poverty (target 1.1), reduction of poverty by half (1.2), implementation of
social protection Social protection, as defined by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, is concerned with preventing, managing, and overcoming situations that adversely affect people's well-being. Social protection consists of policies and p ...
systems (1.3), ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources (1.4), building of resilience towards environmental, economic and social disasters (1.5), and mobilization of resources to end poverty (1.6). Targets specify the goals while indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. Eradicating extreme poverty requires a strong economy that produces jobs and good wages; a government that can provide well equipped schools, hospitals, roads, and energy; and healthy, well-nourished children who are the future human capital that will fuel economic growth. SDG 1 has two specific poverty reduction targets: eradicating extreme poverty (target 1.1) and reduce poverty by half by 2030 (target 1.2). Five of the targets are to be reached by 2030, and two have no specified date.


Target 1.1: Eradicate extreme poverty

The full text of Target 1.1 is: "By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.90 a day." Target 1.1 includes one indicator: Indicator 1.1.1 is the "Proportion of population living below the international poverty line aggregated by sex, age, employment status, and
geographical location In geography, location or place are used to denote a region (point, line, or area) on Earth's surface or elsewhere. The term ''location'' generally implies a higher degree of certainty than ''place'', the latter often indicating an entity with an ...
(
urban Urban means "related to a city". In that sense, the term may refer to: * Urban area, geographical area distinct from rural areas * Urban culture, the culture of towns and cities Urban may also refer to: General * Urban (name), a list of people ...
/
rural In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are describ ...
)". The pace of reducing extreme poverty started off well with 2010 (15.7 percent), 2015 (10 percent), 2019 (8.2 percent) and is projected in 2020 at (8.4 to 8.8 percent). This is because the COVID-19 pandemic is reversing the poverty reduction cycle.United Nations (2017
HLPF Thematic Review of SDG
, New York
The world's workers living in extreme poverty fell, from 14.3 to 8.3 to 7.1 percent in 2010, 2015 and 2019, respectively.


Target 1.2: Reduce poverty by at least 50%

The full text of Target 1.2 is: "By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions." Indicators include: * Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line. * Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. According to a 2018 report, China has contributed more than 70 percent of the world's poverty reduction since its reform and opening-up in the late 1970s. Over the past four decades, through a series of policy and institutional reforms, China has reduced the rural poor by 739.9 million. China's poverty reduction methods include development-oriented poverty alleviation, improving the self-development capacity of the poor population, encouraging multi-party participation in poverty alleviation, focusing on poverty alleviation innovation, and poverty alleviation methods. These can be a reference for other developing countries to reduce poverty.


Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems

The full text of Target 1.3 is: "Implement nationally appropriate
social protection Social protection, as defined by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, is concerned with preventing, managing, and overcoming situations that adversely affect people's well-being. Social protection consists of policies and p ...
systems and measures for all, by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable." Indicator 1.3.1 is the "Proportion of population covered by social protection systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons,
persons with disabilities Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, se ...
,
pregnant women Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops ( gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb). A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy usually occurs by sexual intercourse, but ca ...
, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable". About 4 billion people, did not benefit from any form of social protection, which is critical to help the poorest and the most vulnerable according to 2016 data. Half of the world's population still lacks full coverage of essential health services, and only 22 percent of unemployed workers were covered by unemployment benefits.


Target 1.4: Equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology, and economic resources

The full text of Target 1.4 is: "By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including micro-finance." Its two indicators are: * Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services. * Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure.


Target 1.5: Build resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters

The full text of Target 1.5 is: "By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters." It has four indicators: * Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters. * Indicator 1.5.2: Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP). * Indicator 1.5.3: Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster risk reduction (DRR) sometimes called disaster risk management (DRM) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing w ...
2015–2030. * Indicator 1.5.4: Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies. A total of 80 countries reported disaster-related losses for 2018, including 23,458 deaths and 2,164 persons missing. More than 39 million persons were reported as affected, 29 million of whom saw their livelihood disrupted or destroyed. In terms of direct economic losses, $23.6 billion was reported by countries, 73 percent of which was attributed to the agricultural sector.


Target 1.a: Mobilization of resources to end poverty

The text of Target 1.a is: "Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries particularly least developed countries." It has three indicators: * Indicator 1.a.1: Proportion of domestically generated resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programmes. * Indicator 1.a.2: Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection). * Indicator 1.a.3: Sum of total grants and non-debt-creating inflows directly allocated to poverty reduction programmes as a proportion of GDP. A proposal has been tabled in 2020 to delete Target 1.a.


Target 1.b: Establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels

The full text of Target 1.b is: "Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions." It has one indicator: Indicator 1.b.1 is the "Pro-poor public social spending".


Custodian agencies

Custodian agencies are in charge of measuring the progress of the indicators: * For Indicator 1.1.1: World Bank (WB) and International Labor Organization (ILO) * For Indicator 1.2.1: WB * For Indicator 1.2.2: National Statistics Offices, WB, UNICEF and
UNDP The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)french: Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human dev ...
* For Indicator 1.3.1: ILO and WB * For Indicator 1.4.1: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) * For Indicator 1.4.2: WB and UN-HABITAT collectively. * For all four Indicators under Target 1.5: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) * For Indicator 1.a.1:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
(OECD) * For Indicator 1.a.2: UNESCO-UIS * For Indicator 1.b.1: UNICEF and
Save the Children The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organization established in the United Kingdom in 1919 to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic ...


Monitoring

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the strong commitment of
UN Member States The United Nations member states are the sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. The criter ...
and the international community to ending poverty. High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the
United Nations Secretary General The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or SG) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. The role of the secretary-g ...
with a recent UN's High Level Political Forum thematic review of SDG 1.


Challenges


Impact of COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 has caused the first increase in global poverty (up by 7 percent in just a few months), ending a 20-year streak of progress.BMGF (2020
Covid-19 A Global Perspective - 2020 Goalkeepers Report
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
Almost 37 million more people have fallen into extreme poverty in 2020, and because of COVID-19, they now live below the US$1.90 a day extreme poverty line. Another estimate put the figure at 71 million people who have been pushed into extreme poverty in 2020. The lock down has led to a collapse in economic activities hence causing reduced income leading to accelerated poverty. It is reported that young workers are two times more seemingly to be suffering from unemployment than their elders. There are projections that Sub-Saharan Africa will have the highest rate of increasing poverty because it already has more populations living close to the international poverty line. COVID-19 has further increased the challenges of achieving zero poverty goals as well as other SDG goals by 2030. Though many alternative measures are being deployed to get the relevant data, the available tools and methods have not been able to sufficiently address the continuously evolving climate. In order to achieve and sufficiently monitor the progress of
SDGs The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future".United Nations (2017) R ...
, decision makers as well as stake holders need access to timely and reliable data. As countries got locked down in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many data collection activities that rely on direct interviews were suspended. The pandemic interrupted data collection. Decision-makers did not have access to reliable data, especially in the early months. Furthermore, COVID‑19 exposed the inadequacy in the global food chain. The pandemic is having resounding impact on fragile nations for example, 15.6 million Yemeni nationals are estimated to be practically starving on a daily basis with millions more being driven into a state of distress.


Links with other SDGs

The SDGs are interlinked as one growth can positively affect another and vice versa. Eradicating poverty can lead to zero hunger (
SDG 2 Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2 or Global Goal 2) aims to achieve "zero hunger". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "End hunger, achieve food security and im ...
) as hunger and poverty are connected. SDG 1 is linked to reduced inequalities (
SDG 10 Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Goal 10 or SDG 10) is about reduced inequality and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The full title is: "Reduce inequality within and among countries".Unite ...
) as inequality around the world remains high, and poverty has significant impacts on measures of inequality. At the same time, access to decent work which has both gendered effects under gender equality ( SDG 5) also affects the outcomes of decent work and
economic growth Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of ...
(
SDG 8 Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8 or Global Goal 8) is about "decent work and economic growth" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals which were established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The full title is to "F ...
). SDG 1 particularly links to good health and well-being ( SDG 3) as eradication of poverty will necessarily increase the standard of living. Furthermore, it affects the availability of quality education for all ( SDG 4) as academic costs become unaffordable, and drinking water ( SDG 6) inaccessible and many others.


Organizations

Organizations dedicated to eradicating extreme poverty to aid in achieving SDG 1 include: * Oxfam International * The Organization for Poverty Alleviation and Development (OPAD) * End Poverty Now * The Global Citizen * The Humanitarian Organization for Poverty Eradication *
Concern Worldwide Concern Worldwide (often referred to as Concern) is Ireland's largest aid and humanitarian agency. Since its foundation 50 years ago it has worked in 50 countries. According to its latest annual report, Concern helped 28.6 million of the world's ...
*
World Relief World Relief (officially, World Relief Corporation of National Association of Evangelicals) is an Evangelical Christian humanitarian nongovernmental organization, the humanitarian arm of the National Association of Evangelicals and a leading refuge ...
* ONE Campaign *
Care International CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, formerly Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe) is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency relief and long-term international development projects. Founded i ...
*
Institute for Research on Poverty The Institute for Research on Poverty is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institute at the University of Wisconsin–Madison dedicated to studying poverty and economic inequality. It was established in March 1966, as a result of an agreement bet ...
*
World Vision In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the worl ...


US Based Organizations

In the US there are over sixty thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN SDG 1, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by X4Impact. X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation,Hewlett Foundation, and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive too
Poverty in the US
This online tool enables users to see poverty-related indicators nationally and by state, as well as relevant information for over 60 thousand tax-exempt organizations in the US working on issues related to UN SDG 1. The nonprofit data in the tool is updated every 15 days while the indicators are updated annually.


References


External links


The Global Citizen
* Th
Humanitarian Organization for Poverty EradicationUN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 1“Global Goals” Campaign - SDG 1

SDG-Track.org - SDG 1UN SDG 1 in the US
{{Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals