Sulfur-40
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Sulfur (16S) has 23 known
isotope Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numb ...
s with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five
helium-4 Helium-4 () is a stable isotope of the element helium. It is by far the more abundant of the two naturally occurring isotopes of helium, making up about 99.99986% of the helium on Earth. Its nucleus is identical to an alpha particle, and consis ...
nuclei, in the so-called
alpha process The alpha process, also known as the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements, the other being the triple-alpha process. The triple-alpha process consumes only helium, a ...
of exploding type II supernovas (see
silicon burning In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8–11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the ...
). Other than 35S, the
radioactive isotopes A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferr ...
of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. 35S is formed from
cosmic ray spallation Cosmic ray spallation, also known as the x-process, is a set of naturally occurring nuclear reactions causing nucleosynthesis; it refers to the formation of chemical elements from the impact of cosmic rays on an object. Cosmic rays are highly ener ...
of 40 Ar in the atmosphere. It has a
half-life Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable at ...
of 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. The shortest-lived is 49S, with a half-life shorter than 200 nanoseconds. Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to
chlorine Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine i ...
. When sulfide
mineral In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.John P. Rafferty, ed. (2 ...
s are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ34S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ13C and δ34S of coexisting
carbonate A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula . The word ''carbonate'' may also refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate ...
s and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and
oxygen Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as ...
fugacity In chemical thermodynamics, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant. It is equal to the pressure of an ideal gas whic ...
of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. In most
forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...
ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in
hydrologic Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is calle ...
studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components.
Rocky Mountain The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico in ...
lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ34S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.


List of isotopes

, - , rowspan=3, 27SHas 2
halo Halo, halos or haloes usually refer to: * Halo (optical phenomenon) * Halo (religious iconography), a ring of light around the image of a head HALO, halo, halos or haloes may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Video games * ''Halo'' (franch ...
protons
, rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 11 , rowspan=3, 27.01828(43)# , rowspan=3, 15.5(15) ms , β+ (96.6%) , 27P , rowspan=3, (5/2+) , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β+, p (2.3%) , 26Si , - , β+, 2p (1.1%) , 25Al , - , rowspan=2, 28S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 12 , rowspan=2, 28.00437(17) , rowspan=2, 125(10) ms , β+ (79.3%) , 28P , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (20.7%) , 27Si , - , rowspan=2, 29S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 13 , rowspan=2, 28.99661(5) , rowspan=2, 188(4) ms , β+ (53.6%) , 29P , rowspan=2, 5/2+# , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (46.4%) , 28Si , - , 30S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 14 , 29.98490677(22) , 1.1759(17) s , β+ , 30P , 0+ , , , - , 31S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 15 , 30.97955701(25) , 2.5534(18) s , β+ , 31P , 1/2+ , , , - , 32SHeaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 16 , 31.9720711744(14) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.9499(26) , 0.94454-0.95281 , - , 33S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 17 , 32.9714589099(15) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 3/2+ , 0.0075(2) , 0.00730-0.00793 , - , 34S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 18 , 33.96786701(5) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.0425(24) , 0.03976-0.04734 , - , 35S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 19 , 34.96903232(4) , 87.37(4) d , β , 35Cl , 3/2+ , Trace
Cosmogenic Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare nuclides (isotopes) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an ''in situ'' Solar System atom, causing nucleons (protons and neutrons) to be expelled from the atom ...
, , - , 36S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 20 , 35.96708070(20) , colspan=3 align=center, StableCan undergo bound-state β decay to 36Ar, lightest nuclide so capable , 0+ , 0.0001(1) , 0.00013−0.00027 , - , 37S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 21 , 36.97112551(21) , 5.05(2) min , β , 37Cl , 7/2− , , , - , 38S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 22 , 37.971163(8) , 170.3(7) min , β , 38Cl , 0+ , , , - , 39S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 23 , 38.97513(5) , 11.5(5) s , β , 39Cl , (7/2)− , , , - , 40S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 24 , 39.975483(4) , 8.8(22) s , β , 40Cl , 0+ , , , - , rowspan=2, 41S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 25 , rowspan=2, 40.979593(4) , rowspan=2, 1.99(5) s , β (>99.9%) , 41Cl , rowspan=2, 7/2−# , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (<.1%) , 40Cl , - , rowspan=2, 42S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 26 , rowspan=2, 41.981065(3) , rowspan=2, 1.016(15) s , β (>96%) , 42Cl , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (<4%) , 41Cl , - , rowspan=2, 43S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 27 , rowspan=2, 42.986908(5) , rowspan=2, 265(13) ms , β (60%) , 43Cl , rowspan=2, 3/2−# , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (40%) , 42Cl , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 43mS , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 319(5) keV , 415.0(26) ns , , , (7/2−) , , , - , rowspan=2, 44S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 28 , rowspan=2, 43.990119(6) , rowspan=2, 100(1) ms , β (81.7%) , 44Cl , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (18.2%) , 43Cl , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 44mS , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1365.0(8) keV , 2.619(26) µs , , , 0+ , , , - , rowspan=2, 45S , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 16 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 29 , rowspan=2, 44.99572(111) , rowspan=2, 68(2) ms , β, n (54%) , 44Cl , rowspan=2, 3/2−# , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β (46%) , 45Cl , - , 46S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 30 , 46.00037(54)# , 50(8) ms , β , 46Cl , 0+ , , , - , 47S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 31 , 47.00791(54)# , 20# ms
200 ns, β , 47Cl , 3/2−# , , , - , 48S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 32 , 48.01370(64)# , 10# ms
200 ns, β , 48Cl , 0+ , , , - , 49S , style="text-align:right" , 16 , style="text-align:right" , 33 , 49.02264(72)# , , β , 49Cl , 3/2−# , ,


See also

*
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution of sulfur isotopes in biological and geological materials. In addition to its common isotope, 32S, sulfur has three rare stable isotopes: 34S, 36S, and 33S. The distribution of these i ...


References


External links


Sulfur isotopes data from ''The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's''
{{Navbox element isotopes Sulfur Sulfur