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The stigma () is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower.


Description

The stigma, together with the style and ovary (typically called the stigma-style-ovary system) comprises the pistil, which is part of the gynoecium or female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma itself forms the distal portion of the style, or stylodia, and is composed of , the cells of which are receptive to pollen. These may be restricted to the apex of the style or, especially in wind pollinated species, cover a wide surface. The stigma receives pollen and it is on the stigma that the pollen grain germinates. Often sticky, the stigma is adapted in various ways to catch and trap pollen with various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings. The pollen may be captured from the air (wind-borne pollen, anemophily), from visiting insects or other animals (
biotic pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, bird ...
), or in rare cases from surrounding water ( hydrophily). Stigma can vary from long and slender to globe shaped to feathery. Pollen is typically highly desiccated when it leaves an anther. Stigma have been shown to assist in the rehydration of pollen and in promoting germination of the pollen tube. Stigma also ensure proper adhesion of the correct species of pollen. Stigma can play an active role in pollen discrimination and some self-incompatibility reactions, that reject pollen from the same or genetically similar plants, involve interaction between the stigma and the surface of the pollen grain.


Shape

The stigma is often split into lobes, e.g. trifid (three lobed), and may resemble the head of a pin (capitate), or come to a point (punctiform). The shape of the stigma may vary considerably:


Style


Structure

The style is a narrow upward extension of the ovary, connecting it to the stigmatic papillae. Occasionally it may be absent, in which case the stigma is described as sessile. Styles are generally tube-like—either long or short. The style can be open (containing few or no cells in the central portion) with a central canal which may be filled with mucilage. Alternatively the style may be closed (densely packed with cells throughout). Most
syncarpous Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ''pistils' ...
monocots and some
eudicots The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicot ...
have open styles, while many syncarpous eudicots and grasses have closed (solid) styles containing specialised secretory transmitting tissue, linking the stigma to the centre of the ovary. This forms a nutrient rich tract for pollen tube growth. Where there are more than one carpel to the pistil, each may have a separate style-like stylodium, or share a common style. In Irises and others in the family Iridaceae, the style divides into three petal-like (petaloid) ''style branches'' (sometimes also referred to as 'stylodia'), almost to the base of the style and is called a . These are flaps of tissue, running from the perianth tube above the sepal. The stigma is a rim or edge on the underside of the branch, near the end lobes. Style branches also appear on '' Dietes'', '' Pardanthopsis'' and most species of '' Moraea''.Klaus Kubitzki (Editor) In '' Crocus'' there are three divided style branches, creating a tube.Michael Hickey, Clive King '' Hesperantha'' has a spreading style branch. Alternatively the style may be lobed rather than branched. '' Gladiolus'' has a bi-lobed style branch (bilobate). '' Freesia'', '' Lapeirousia'', ''
Romulea ''Romulea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1772. It is distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa.Savannosiphon ''Savannosiphon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a new species in 1980. It contains only one known species, ''Savannosiphon euryphylla'', native to tropical Africa (Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, ...
'' and '' Watsonia'' have bifurcated (two branched) and recurved style branches.


Attachment to the ovary

May be terminal (apical), subapical, lateral, gynobasic, or . Terminal (apical) style position refers to attachment at the apex of the ovary and is the most common pattern. In the subapical pattern the style arises to the side slightly below the apex. a lateral style arises from the side of the ovary and is found in Rosaceae. The gynobasic style arises from the base of the ovary, or between the ovary lobes and is characteristic of
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the ...
. styles characterise '' Allium''.


Pollination

Pollen tubes grow the length of the style to reach the ovules, and in some cases self-incompatibility reactions in the style prevent full growth of the pollen tubes. In some species, including '' Gasteria'' at least, the pollen tube is directed to the
micropyle Micropyle may refer to: * Micropyle (botany) a minute opening in the integument of an ovule of a seed plant. * Micropyle (zoology) A micropyle is a pore in the membrane covering the ovum, through which a sperm enters. Micropyles are also found in s ...
of the ovule by the style.Christophe Clement, Ettore Pacini, Jean-Claude Audran (Editors)


See also

* Gynoecium * Spadix (botany)


References


Citations


Sources

* * * * * *


External links


Stigma shape and size - English labels

Terminal versus gynobasic style
Images
Gynobasic
Diagram {{botany Plant reproductive system Plant morphology Plant sexuality