In
industrial engineering
Industrial engineering is an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations by developing, improving and implementing integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information an ...
, the standard time is the time required by an average skilled operator, working at
a normal pace, to perform a specified task using a prescribed method. It includes appropriate allowances to allow the person to recover from
fatigue
Fatigue describes a state of tiredness that does not resolve with rest or sleep. In general usage, fatigue is synonymous with extreme tiredness or exhaustion that normally follows prolonged physical or mental activity. When it does not resolve ...
and, where necessary, an additional allowance to cover contingent elements which may occur but have not been observed.
Standard time = normal time + allowance
Where;
Normal time = average time × rating factor (take rating factor between 1.1 and 1.2)
Usage of the standard time
Time times for all operations are known.
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Staffing (or workforce planning): the number of workers required cannot accurately be determined unless the time required to process the existing work is known.
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Line balancing (or production leveling): the correct number of workstations for optimum work flow depends on the processing time, or standard, at each workstation.
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Materials requirement planning (MRP): MRP systems cannot operate properly without accurate work standards.
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System simulation: simulation models cannot accurately simulate operation unless times for all operations are known.
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Wage payment: comparing expected performance with actual performance requires the use of work standards.
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Cost accounting
Cost accounting is defined as "a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, classifying, al ...
: work standards are necessary for determining not only the labor component of costs, but also the correct allocation of production costs to specific products.
* Employee evaluation: in order to assess whether individual employees are performing as well as they should, a performance standard is necessary against which to measure the level of performance.
Techniques to establish a standard time
The standard time can be determined using the following techniques:
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Time study
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Predetermined motion time system aka PMTS or PTS
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Standard data system
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Work sampling Work sampling is the statistical technique used for determining the proportion of time spent by workers in various defined categories of activity (e.g. setting up a machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.). It is as important as all other statis ...
Method of calculation
The Standard Time is the product of three factors:
#Observed time: The time measured to complete the task.
#Performance rating factor: The pace the person is working at. 90% is working slower than normal, 110% is working faster than normal, 100% is normal. This factor is calculated by an experienced worker who is trained to observe and determine the rating.
#
Personal, fatigue, and delay (PFD) allowance.
The standard time can then be calculated by using:
[Groover 2007]
References
Citations
* Groover, M. P. (2007). ''Work systems: the methods, measurement and management of work'', Prentice Hall,
* Salvendy, G. (Ed.) (2001). ''Handbook of Industrial Engineering: Technology and Operations Management'', third edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
* Zandin, K. (Ed.) (2001). ''Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook'', fifth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
External links
Standard Performance
Industrial engineering
Time and motion study
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