Souletin or Zuberoan ( eu, Zuberera) is the Basque dialect spoken in

Soule Soule (Basque: Zuberoa; Zuberoan/ Soule Basque: Xiberoa or Xiberua; Occitan: ''Sola'') is a former viscounty and French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées-Atlantiques ''département''. It is divided into two cantons of the arrond ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

. Souletin is marked by influences from

Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...

(in particular the

Béarnese dialect Béarnese ( endonym or ) designates the whole of the Occitano-Romance languages of Béarn. Linguistics does not distinguish Béarnese from Gascon; these languages form a homogeneous whole within the Pyrenees- Atlantic-Garonne triangle. The o ...

), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: → (s/he came → s/he came to you).

Name

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

sources, the Basque-based term ''Zuberoan'' is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque, the dialect is known as (the province name and the language-forming suffix ). Various local forms are , and . In French, it is known as . In

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

, the dialect is called or .

Distribution

The southern dialect Roncalese was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central

Pyrenees The Pyrenees (; es, Pirineos ; french: Pyrénées ; ca, Pirineu ; eu, Pirinioak ; oc, Pirenèus ; an, Pirineus) is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to ...

, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples ( in the

Royal Frankish Annals The ''Royal Frankish Annals'' (Latin: ''Annales regni Francorum''), also called the ''Annales Laurissenses maiores'' ('Greater Lorsch Annals'), are a series of annals composed in Latin in the Carolingian Francia, recording year-by-year the state ...

Phonology

In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a

close front rounded vowel The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is /y/, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is y. Ac ...

(written ), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized ( is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic. It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque. Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops , which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The

alveolar tap Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit. Uses in anatomy and zoology * Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs ** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte ** Alveolar duct ** Alveolar macrophage * M ...

present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin. The voiced fricatives are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme (written as ) corresponds to in other varieties. The voiceless nasal glottal approximant is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels.

Example

This example of the "Orreaga"Campion, A (1971)
''Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal''
Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 33. ballad composed by Arturo Campion shows some differences between this dialect and the standard Basque (Euskara batua).

Name

Distribution

Phonology

Example

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources