Simon Schama

Sir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University.

He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled '' Citizens'', published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series '' A History of Britain'' broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

Early life and education

Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.

In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.

Career

Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a fellow and director of studies in history at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution. He also worked at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris.

At this time, Schama wrote his first book, ''Patriots and Liberators'', which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the ''Patriottentijd'' revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.

His second book, ''Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel'' (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.

In the United States

In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, ''The Embarrassment of Riches'' (1987), again focused on Dutch history.Daniel, M., and S. Steinberg. "Simon Schama." Publishers Weekly 238, No. 22 (17 May 1991): 46. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009). Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.Adams, Julia; Stoler, Ann (November 1988). "The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, by Simon Schama" (review). ''Contemporary Sociology''. 17.6: 760–62. "He provides a reading of cultural tints and social textures at a level of visual detail that is usually reserved for art history."

''Citizens'' (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Notably in Timothy Tackett, "Interpreting the Terror" ''French Historical Studies'' 24.4 (Autumn 2001:569–578); Tackett's view of swiftly evolving revolution in his prosopography of the deputies, ''Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture, 1789–1790'' (Princeton University Press) 1996, was not fundamentally at variance with Schama.

Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series ''Art of the Western World'' as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.

In 1991, he published ''Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)'', a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.

Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment. "a fascinating experiment in historical writing".

It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.

Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.

Schama's next book, ''Landscape and Memory'' (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than ''Dead Certainties'', this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.

Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for ''The New Yorker'' in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title ''Hang Ups''. During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated ''Rembrandt's Eyes'', another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.

BBC

In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called ''Landscape and Memory'' to accompany his book of the same name.

Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title ''A History of Britain''. Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre- Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965;Cooper, Barbara Roisman. ''"A Wild Ride" Through A History of Britain With Simon Schama.'' British Heritage 23, no. 6 (November 2002): 48. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009) it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.

In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled '' Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution'', dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.

In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, ''Simon Schama's Power of Art'' which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's ''David with the Head of Goliath'', Bernini's ''Ecstasy of St Theresa'', Rembrandt's ''Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis'', Jacques-Louis David's ''The Death of Marat'', J. M. W. Turner's '' The Slave Ship'', Vincent van Gogh's ''Wheat Field with Crows'', Picasso's ''Guernica'' and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.Nalley, Richard. "Simon Schama's Power of Art." Forbes 180 (18 September 2007): 165–165. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009).

In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called '' The American Future: A History'' presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled ''Baseball and Me'', both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.

In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series ''A Point of View'':
* ''Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics'': When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders.
* ''Singing in the Rain'': Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons.
* ''At the Heart of the Matter'': The politics surrounding President Barack Obama's healthcare reforms.
* ''The Gift of the Gab'': The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates.
* ''Behold, Newstralia!'': Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia.
* ''A Welcome Slice of American Pie'': Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits.
* ''The Drama of Politics'': The timeless drama of British politics.
* ''When Money is Just an Illusion'': Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art.
* ''Hearts of Oak'': Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons – the panelling made of solid oak.
* ''Britain's New Politics'': Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom general election, favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one.

In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called ''A History of the Jews'' for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became '' The Story of the Jews'' and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in ''The Observer'', Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."

In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of '' Civilisations'', a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.

Personal life

Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.

Politics

In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.

In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to ''The Guardian'' expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to ''The Times'' about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its purported "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to ''The Guardian'', that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".

Israel

Schama was critical of British novelist John Berger's support for the Palestinian call for an academic boycott of Israel's state-sponsored culture-washing of its grave breaches of international human rights law i.e. its deliberate violence towards Palestinians across the Occupied Palestinian Territories (see reports by Btselem, Amnesty International, Addameer and others). Writing in ''The Guardian'' in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared the open letter written by Berger and signed by 92 other leading artists to Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores." The Palestinian BDS movement, alongside contemporary left-wing Jewish support, could be viewed instead as parallel to the attempted Boycott of Nazi Germany led by British Jews between 1933 and 1939: an act of international solidarity between oppressed peoples. In this case, boycott aimed to show radical solidarity across the Jewish diaspora, although it was never officially endorsed by the Board of Deputies of British Jews .

In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."

United States

Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.

Reception and appraisal

Niall Ferguson praised Schama, "Amongst istorianscurrently writing, Simon Schama stands out as the Dickens of modern historiography: bewilderingly erudite and prolific, passionate in his enthusiasms and armed with the complete contents of the thesaurus."

Prizes and other honours

* 1977: Wolfson History Prize, for ''Patriots and Liberators''
* 1977: Leo Gershoy Award, for ''Patriots and Liberators''
* 1987: ''New York Times'' Best Books of the Year, for ''The Embarrassment of Riches''
* 1989: ''New York Times'' Best Books of the Year, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''
* 1989: ''Yorkshire Post'' Book Award, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''
* 1990: NCR Book Award, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''
* 1992: American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Literature
* 1995: Elected to Honorary Fellowship, Christ's College, Cambridge
* 1996: Lionel Trilling Book Award, for ''Landscape and Memory''
* 1996: National Magazine Awards, for critical essays in The New Yorker
* 1996: WH Smith Literary Award, for ''Landscape and Memory''
* 2001: St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates
* 2001: Broadcasting Press Guild Writer's Award, for ''A History of Britain''
* 2001: Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series (Arts, History, Religion and Science), for ''A History of Britain''
* 2002: Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter (Factual, Features and News), for ''A History of Britain''
* 2003: Nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Writing Emmy Award for ''The Two Winstons'', an episode of ''A History of Britain''
* 2006: National Book Critics Circle Award

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