Shadiliyya
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The Shadhili Order () is a tariqah or
Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...
order. The Shadhili order was founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili in the 13th century and is followed by millions of people around the world. Many followers (Arabic '' murids'', "seekers") of the Shadhili Order are known as Shadhilis, and a single follower is known as Shadhili. It has historically been of importance and influence in the
Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as the Arab Maghreb () and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world. The region comprises western and central North Africa, including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb al ...
and
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
with many contributions to Islamic literature. Among the figures most known for their literary and intellectual contributions are ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, author of the ''Hikam'', and Ahmad Zarruq, author of numerous commentaries and works, and Ahmad ibn Ajiba who also wrote numerous commentaries and works. In poetry expressing love of
Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
, there have been the notable contributions of Muhammad al-Jazuli, author of the '' Dala'il al-Khayrat'', and al-Busiri, author of the famous poem, the '' Al-Burda'' or "The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation". Many of the head lecturers of
al-Azhar University The Al-Azhar University ( ; , , ) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt. Associated with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Islamic Cairo, it is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university and is known as one of the most prestigious universities for Islamic ...
in
Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
have also been followers of this tariqa. Of the various branches of the Shadhili are the Fassiyatush of Imam Fassi, found largely in
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
,
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
, and
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
. The Darqawiyya of Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi is found mostly in Morocco and the Alawi-Darqawiyya of Ahmad al-Alawi originated in
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
is now found the world over, particularly in Syria, Jordan, France, and among many English-speaking communities. British scholar Martin Lings wrote an extensive biography of Ahmad al-Alawi entitled ''A Moslem Saint of the Twentieth Century''. The anniversary of al-Shadhili is held on 12th of Shawwal (the tenth month of lunar calendar) at Humaithara in Egypt.


Branches

Shadhiliyya has numerous branches across the globe. A few prominent branches are listed below.


Fassiyya

The Fassiyatush was established by Imam Fassi, a Moroccan by origin who was born in
Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...
. Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya is widely practised in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan,
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and Indonesia. The descendants of al-Fassi who are sheikhs of the Fassiyatush and reside in Mecca and
Jeddah Jeddah ( ), alternatively transliterated as Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda ( ; , ), is a List of governorates of Saudi Arabia, governorate and the largest city in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia, and the country's second largest city after Riyadh, located ...
visit these countries frequently. The international leader of the Fassiyatash is selected from the heirs of al-Fassi and Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi is the present leader.


Darqawiyya

The Darqawiyya, a Moroccan branch of the Shadhili order, was founded in the late 18th century by Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi. Selections from the letters of al-Darqawi were translated by the Shadhili Titus Burckhardt and more recently by the scholar Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley. One of the first
tariqa A ''tariqa'' () is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking , which translates as "ultimate truth". A tariqa has a (guide) who plays the ...
s to be established in the West was the Alawiya branch of the Darqawiyya, which was named after Ahmad al-Alawi, popularly known as "Shaykh al-Alawi".


Attasiyah

The 'Attasiyah Order is a branch of the 'Alawi Order, founded by Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas. It is centered in
Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...
but also has centers in Pakistan, India, and
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
. The 'Alawiya order in Yemen has recently been studied by the anthropologist David Buchman. In his article "The Underground Friends of God and Their Adversaries: A Case Study and Survey of Sufism in Contemporary Yemen", Professor Buchman summarizes the results of his six-month period of fieldwork in Yemen. The article was originally published in the journal ''Yemen Update''Alan Godlas,
Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths


Darqawi Hashimiya

The Darqawi-Alawi branch of the Shadili Tariqa established itself in Damascus and the Levant through Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, the son of an Algerian qadi, who migrated to Damascus along with his spiritual guide Ibn Yallis. After the death of Ibn Yallis, Hashimi was authorized by Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi in the early 1920s and was made his deputy in Damascus. The most well known living spiritual guide of this branch of the Shadhili tariqa is Sheikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American scholar, author, and translator, who resides in Amman, Jordan, and Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb from Damascus both were authorized by Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri, who was himself a student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, another student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani and who died in 2015, had worked from the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem and was a mufti of the Hanbali Madhab. He wrote many books on Sufism, tafsir, and healing and his students established the University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism. In her biography of her husband, the British explorer and diplomat Richard Francis Burton, Isabel Burton describes a heterodox branch of Shadhilis that resided in Damascus in the 1860s and 1870s known as the Ghayr-Sharai. She claims that they protected Christians during the massacre of 1860.


Badawiyya

Another branch of the Shadhilia which has groups in Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey and America is the Batawiyya founded by Ibrahim al-Batawi, for many years professor at al-Azhar. He was a confrere of Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, who was very influential in the revival of Sufism in Egypt. Sheikh Ibrahim's student, Nooruddeen Durkee, has established the Battawi order in the United States. Nooruddeen Durkee has translated and transliterated the Qur'an and has compiled two definitive books on the Shadhali, including ''The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons''.


Maryamiyya

The Maryamiyya Order was founded by Swiss-German metaphysician Frithjof Schuon, author of ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', among other influential books, as an outgrowth of the Alawiyya order. In 1946, the disciples of a group he led in Switzerland declared him to be an "independent master", spurring him to create his own order. In 1965, he began having visions of Maryam (as the Virgin Mary is known in Islam), who the Order is named after. The Maryamiyya Order was largely formed around Perennial philosophy and Neoplatonism, and heavily influenced by Advaita Vedanta and Guénon's Traditionalist School.


Influence


On Christianity

Miguel Asín Palacios has suggested that the Shadhili order drew detailed connections between the teachings of ibn Abbad al-Rundi and John of the Cross, such as in the account of the Dark Night of the Soul. José Nieto, on the other hand, argues that these mystical doctrines are quite general, and that while similarities exist between the works of John, ibn Abbad and other Shadhilis, these reflect independent development, not influence.


The Spiritual Chain

Every tariqa must have a chain of transmission and authorization to be recognized as valid. Most of the chains start from Ali ibn Abi Talib and goes as 2 branches one through his son Hasan ibn Ali and another through Husayn ibn Ali. *
Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
* Ali *
Hasan ibn Ali Hasan ibn Ali (; 2 April 670) was an Alids, Alid political and religious leader. The eldest son of Ali and Fatima and a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Hasan briefly ruled as Rashidun caliphate, Rashidun caliph from January 661 unt ...
* Jabir ibn Abd Allah * Sa‘id al-Ghazawani * Abu Muhammad Fath al-Su'ood * Abu Muhammad Sa'eed * Abul Qasim Ahmad ibn Marwani * Sayyid Ishaq Ibrahim al-Basri * Zayn al-Din al-Qazwini * Shams al-Din * Muhammad Taj al-Din * Nur al-Din Abul Hasan ‘Ali * Fakhr al-Din * Tuqayy al-Din al-Fuqayr * ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Madani al-‘Attar al-Zayyat * Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami * al-Shadhili


See also

* Chishti * Qadiriyya * Wazifa Zarruqiyya


References


External links


''Shadhili Tariqa''
Information on the tariqa of Sh. Nuh Keller.
Fassiya branch

Muhammad al-Jamal

The Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi
branch
The Shadhdhuli School for tranquility of being and illumination of hearts
Green Mountain branch, located in Charlottesville, Virginia

of the Darqawi branch
Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya



Nasheed group based in Avignon, France.

Ba`alawi.com
Ba'alawi.com , The Definitive Resource for Islam and the Alawiyyen Ancestry.

* ttps://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''The Relevance and the Beauty of the Teaching of Shaykh Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah'' {{Authority control Sufism in Africa Sunni Sufi orders Moroccan Sufi orders