The gens Septimia was a minor plebeian family at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC ...

. The gens first appears in history towards the close of the Republic, and they did not achieve much importance until the latter half of the second century, when Lucius Septimius Severus obtained the imperial dignity.

Origin

The nomen ''Septimius'' is a patronymic surname, derived from the rare Latin praenomen '' Septimus'', originally given to a seventh child or seventh son, or to a child born in September, originally the seventh month of the

Roman calendar The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. The term often includes the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the dictator Julius Caesar and emperor Augustus in the late 1stcenturyBC and sometim ...

.Chase, pp. 150, 151. Several other gentes obtained their nomina in this way, including the Quinctii from '' Quintus'', the

Sextii The gens Sextia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, from the time of the early Republic and continuing into imperial times. The most famous member of the gens was Lucius Sextius Lateranus, who as tribune of the plebs from 376 to 367 BC, preven ...

from '' Sextus'', and the

Octavii The gens Octavia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, which was raised to patrician status by Caesar during the first century BC. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, quaestor ''circa'' 230 BC. Over the ...

from '' Octavius''.

Praenomina

The chief praenomina of the Septimii were '' Publius'', ''

Lucius Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from '' Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames ('' praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from ...

'', '' Gaius'', and ''

Titus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death. Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...

''. There are a few instances of other names, including '' Aulus'', '' Marcus'', and ''Quintus''. The ancestor of the family must have been named ''Septimus'', although none of the members who are known to history bore this praenomen.

Branches and cognomina

The Septimii of the Republic were not clearly divided into separate families. A number of surnames are found at various periods, of which the most notable are ''Severus'', meaning "stern, serious, severe," ''Aper'', a wild boar, and ''Geta'', referring to one of the Getae, a Thracian people. All three cognomina were associated with the imperial family. They were of equestrian rank, and had probably lived in Leptis Magna for some time, for

Statius Publius Papinius Statius ( Greek: Πόπλιος Παπίνιος Στάτιος; ; ) was a Greco-Roman poet of the 1st century CE. His surviving Latin poetry includes an epic in twelve books, the ''Thebaid''; a collection of occasional poetry, ...

addressed one of his poems to a certain Septimius Severus of that city.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 806 (" L. Septimius Severus").Statius, ''Silvae'', iv. 5, ''praefatio''.

Members

* Titus Septimius Sabinus,

curule aedile ''Aedile'' ( ; la, aedīlis , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enf ...

at some point following the consulship of Lucullus in 74 BC. * Publius Septimius Scaevola, a senator, who was one of the judges allegedly bribed by Aulus Cluentius Habitus in order to obtain the condemnation of Statius Albius Oppianicus in 74 BC. Septimius was condemned two years later, ostensibly on a charge of ''repetundae'', or extortion, but probably due instead to his actions during the trial of Oppianicus. * Septimius, a participant in the conspiracy of

Catiline Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier. He is best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the ...

, who was sent into the ager Picenus in 63 BC. *

Lucius Septimius Lucius Septimius was a Roman soldier and mercenary who is principally remembered as one of the assassins of the triumvir Pompey the Great. At the time of the assassination (48 BC) Septimius was serving the Ptolemies of Egypt as a mercenary. He ...

, a centurion in the command of Pompeius in 67 BC, during the war against the pirates. He then went to

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

, where he served under

Aulus Gabinius Aulus Gabinius (by 101 BC – 48 or 47 BC) was a Roman statesman and general. He was an avid supporter of Pompey who likewise supported Gabinius. He was a prominent figure in the latter days of the Roman Republic. Career In 67 BC, when trib ...

, and remained as part of a garrison supporting

Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus Philopator Philadelphus ( grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Neos Dionysos Philopatōr Philadelphos; – 51 BC) was a pharaoh of the Ptolemaic ...

and his successors. When Pompeius fled to Egypt after the Battle of Pharsalia, in 48 BC, Septimius slew his old commander. * Gaius Septimius, a secretary of the consul

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (c. 102 – 48 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. He was a plodding conservative and upholder of the established social order who served in several magisterial positions alongside Julius Caesar and conceived a ...

, in 59 BC. * Publius Septimius, gave evidence against Lucius Valerius Flaccus in 59 BC. * Gaius Septimius, as

praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...

in 57 BC, supported recalling

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

from exile. He was an augur in 45 BC. * Publius Septimius, had served as quaestor under

Marcus Terentius Varro Marcus Terentius Varro (; 116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Vergil and Cicero). He is sometimes calle ...

, who sent him three volumes of his treatise ''De Lingua Latina''.

Vitruvius Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled '' De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribut ...

speaks of him in connection with Varro, indicating that this Septimius is probably the author of two books on architecture. * Septimia, the wife of Sicca, a friend of Cicero. * Septimius, proscribed by the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, as his wife was carrying on an affair with one of Antonius' friends. Not realizing his wife's treachery, Septimius fled to her house, where she detained him until his murderers arrived. * Septimius, a friend of

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

, and of the poet Horace, who dedicated one of his odes to Septimius. * Septimius, one of a number of centurions slain in a soldiers' revolt in Germania, following the death of Augustus. He appealed to the legate, Aulus Caecina, for protection, but the soldiers were so insistent on Septimius' fate that the legate eventually yielded to their demands. * Septimius, a soldier in the

Praetorian Guard The Praetorian Guard (Latin: ''cohortēs praetōriae'') was a unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors. During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guard were an escort fo ...

who attempted to protect the praetorian prefect Nymphidius Sabinus from harm when his men deserted him, and declared their allegiance to Galba in AD 68. Septimius deflected a lance aimed at Nymphidius with his shield, but when other soldiers attacked, the prefect fled for his life, until he was cut down by his pursuers. * Aulus Septimius Serenus, a lyric poet, of whom only brief fragments are preserved. His subject matter appears to have consisted largely of rural topics. * Gaius Septimius Vegetus, governor of

from AD 85 to 88. * Quintus Septimius Romanus, the author of a Latin translation of the

Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis, i.e. Dictys of Crete (, ; grc, Δίκτυς ὁ Κρής) of Knossos was a legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worke ...

, a history of the

Trojan War In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and ...

, ostensibly written either in Phoenician, or in Greek using the

Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician alphabet is an alphabet (more specifically, an abjad) known in modern times from the Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions found across the Mediterranean region. The name comes from the Phoenician civilization. The Phoenician a ...

, and translated into ordinary Greek during the reign of

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 unti ...

. * Lucius Septimius Flaccus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 183. * Septimius, said by

Aelius Lampridius The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...

to have written a life of Alexander Severus, which he treated as an authority for his own biography of the emperor. * Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, an early Christian writer, who exposited the doctrine of the

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God th ...

Septimii Apri, Severi et Getae

* Marcus Septimius Aper, probably the great-grandfather of Lucius Septimius Severus, the emperor. * Septimius Severus, a wealthy eques at Leptis Magna in

Africa Proconsularis Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, to whom Statius addressed one of his poems. He is probably the Lucius Septimius Severus who was sufet and duumvir at Leptis Magna. * Lucius Septimius (M. f.) Severus, grandfather of the emperor Septimius Severus, sufet and subsequently

duumvir Diarchy (from Greek , ''di-'', "double", and , ''-arkhía'', "ruled"),Occasionally misspelled ''dyarchy'', as in the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' article on the colonial British institution duarchy, or duumvirate (from Latin ', "the office of ...

of Leptis Magna during the reign of

Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...

. * Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper or Afer, probably the brother of the duumvir Lucius Septimius Severus. * Publius Septimius L. f. M. n. Geta, father of the emperor Septimius Severus. * Septimia L. f. M. n. Polla, a sister of Publius Septimius Geta, and aunt of the emperor Septimius Severus. She never married, but her brother set up a silver statue in her honour.Birley, p. 214. * Publius Septimius Aper, probably a cousin of the emperor Septimius Severus, was consul ''suffectus'' in July of AD 153. * Gaius Septimius C. f. Severus, a cousin of the emperor Septimius Severus, and perhaps the son of Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper, was consul ''suffectus'' in AD 160. * Lucius Septimius P. f. L. n. Severus, emperor from AD 193 to 211. * Publius Septimius P. f. L. n. Geta, brother of the emperor Septimius Severus, was consul ''suffectus'' about AD 191, and ''ordinarius'' in 203. He seems to have died during or shortly after the end of his consulship. On his deathbed, he warned his brother of the treachery of

Gaius Fulvius Plautianus Gaius or Lucius Fulvius Plautianus (c. 150 – 22 January 205) was a member of the Roman ''gens'' Fulvia. Like Sejanus, Perennis and Cleander, as head of the Praetorian Guard, he was formally extraordinarily powerful and influential in the adm ...

, the praetorian prefect. * Septimia P. f. L. n. Octavilla, sister of the emperor Septimius Severus. She may have been the mother of Lucius Flavius Septimius Aper Octavianus, whose career is detailed in an early third-century inscription from Rome, on a monument set up by his daughter, Flavia Neratia Septimia Octavilla. * Lucius or Gaius Septimius Severus Aper, a native of Leptis Magna, and probably the grandson of Publius Septimius Aper, consul in AD 153, was consul in 207. He is probably same person known as ''Afer'' in the '' Historia Augusta'', described as a cousin of the emperor Caracalla, who abruptly ordered his execution at the end of 211 or 212. * (Lucius) Septimius L. f. P. n. Bassianus, better known as ''Caracalla'', was emperor with his father Septimius Severus from AD 198 to 211, with his brother Geta from 209 to 212, and sole emperor from 212 to 217. * Publius Septimius L. f. P. n. Geta, the emperor's younger son, was elevated to the rank of ''Augustus'' emperor alongside his father, from AD 209 to 211, and then his brother Caracalla from 211 to 212, when he was murdered on his brother's orders. * Lucius Septimius (Severus), probably the son of Aper or Afer, the ex-consul put to death by Caracalla, and the grandfather of Septimius Bassus. * Lucius Septimius L. f. Severus, the father of Septimius Bassus, the ''praefectus urbi''. * Septimius L. f. L. n. Bassus, ''praefectus urbi'' from at least 317 to 319.''PLRE'', vol. I, p. 157.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Gaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...

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In Verrem "In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileshi ...

'', ''Post Reditum in Senatu'', '' Pro Cluentio'', ''Pro Flacco''. * Gaius Sallustius Crispus (

Sallust Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – ), was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became during the 50s BC a partisan ...

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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled ''De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribute ...

, '' De Architectura'' (On Architecture). * Quintus Horatius Flaccus ( Horace), '' Carmen Saeculare'', '' Epistulae''. * Gaius Plinius Secundus (

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ' ...

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Publius Papinius Statius Publius Papinius Statius (Greek: Πόπλιος Παπίνιος Στάτιος; ; ) was a Greco-Roman poet of the 1st century CE. His surviving Latin poetry includes an epic in twelve books, the ''Thebaid''; a collection of occasional poetry, ...

, ''Silvae''. *

Publius Cornelius Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars. The surviving portions of his two major works—the ...

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Annales Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts. List of works with titles contai ...

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Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...

), ''

Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans Plutarch's ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans'', commonly called ''Parallel Lives'' or ''Plutarch's Lives'', is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably writt ...

''. * Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''De Poetis'' (Lives of the Poets). * Appianus Alexandrinus (

Appian Appian of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς ''Appianòs Alexandreús''; la, Appianus Alexandrinus; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Ha ...

), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War). *

Terentianus Maurus Terentianus, surnamed Maurus (a native of Mauretania), was a Latin grammarian and writer on prosody who flourished probably at the end of the 2nd century AD. His references to Septimius Serenus and Alphius Avitus, who belonged to the school o ...

, ''De Litteris, Syllabis, Pedibus, et Metris''. * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. *

Herodian Herodian or Herodianus ( el, Ἡρωδιανός) of Syria, sometimes referred to as "Herodian of Antioch" (c. 170 – c. 240), was a minor Roman civil servant who wrote a colourful history in Greek titled ''History of the Empire from the Death o ...

us, ''Tes Meta Marcon Basileas Istoria'' (History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius). * Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, '' Historia Augusta'' (Lives of the Emperors). * Eutropius, ''Breviarium Historiae Romanae'' (Abridgement of the History of Rome). *

Sextus Aurelius Victor Sextus Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Victor was the author of a short history of imperial Rome, entitled ''De Caesaribus'' and covering the period from Augustus to Constantius II. The work w ...

, ''De Caesaribus'' (On the Caesars). *

Maurus Servius Honoratus Servius was a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian. He earned a contemporary reputation as the most learned man of his generation in Italy; he authored a set of commentaries on the works of Virgil. These works, ''In tria V ...

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Paulus Orosius Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in ''Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), th ...

, ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos'' (History Against the Pagans). * Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (

St. Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is com ...

), ''Epistulae''. * Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, ''Epistulae''. * Pieter Burmann, ''

Anthologia Latina The ''Latin Anthology'' is a modern name given to a collection of Latin verse, from the age of Ennius to about 1000, formed by Pieter Burmann the Younger. Nothing corresponding to the Greek Anthology is known to have existed among the Romans, th ...

'' (Latin Anthology), ed. Wernsdorf, (1759–1778). *

Johann Christian Wernsdorf Johann Christian Wernsdorf I (6 November 1723 in Wittenberg – 25 August 1793 in Helmstedt) was a German writer, poet, and rhetorician. Life Born the son of Gottlieb Wernsdorf the Elder and his wife Magaretha Katharina (nee Nitsch), he lost hi ...

, ''Poëtae Latini Minores'' (Minor Latin Poets), Altenburg, Helmstedt (1780–1799). * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 ...

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th centu ...

''et alii'', '' Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, ''

Prosopographia Imperii Romani The ', abbreviated ''PIR'', is a collective historical work to establish the prosopography of high-profile people from the Roman empire. The time period covered extends from the Battle of Actium in 31 BC to the reign of Diocletian. The final vol ...

'' (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated ''PIR''), Berlin (1898). * Joyce M. Reynolds, J. B. Ward-Perkins, ''The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania'', British School at Rome (1952). * Hans Petersen, "The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans", in ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'', vol. xciii, pp. 347–354 (1962). * D.P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary'', Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963). * A. H. M. Jones & J. R. Martindale, ''

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire ''Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'' (abbreviated as ''PLRE'') is a work of Roman prosopography published in a set of three volumes collectively describing many of the people attested to have lived in the Roman Empire from AD 260, the date ...

'' (abbreviated ''PLRE''), Cambridge University Press (1971–1992). *

Guido Bastianini Guido Bastianini (born September 10, 1945 in Florence), Italian papyrologist and palaeographer. Bastianini finished his papyrological studies in Florence 1970. He had participated in various archaeological missions in Egypt organized by the Isti ...

,
Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30^a al 299^p
(List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in ''

Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik The ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (commonly abbreviated ZPE; "Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy") is a peer-reviewed academic journal which contains articles that pertain to papyrology and epigraphy. It has been described as " ...

'', vol. 17 (1975). * Anthony R. Birley, ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor'' (revised ed.), Yale University Press, New Haven (1988). {{Refend Roman gentes