Jalacy J. "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins (July 18, 1929 – February 12, 2000) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, actor, film producer, and boxer. Famed chiefly for his powerful, operatic vocal delivery and wildly theatrical performances of songs such as " I Put a Spell on You", he sometimes used macabre props onstage, making him an early pioneer of

shock rock Shock rock is the combination of rock music or heavy metal music with highly theatrical live performances emphasizing shock value. Performances may include violent or provocative behavior from the artists, the use of attention-grabbing imagery ...

. He received a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the 1989 indie film '' Mystery Train''.

Early life

Hawkins was born and raised in

Cleveland Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the United States, U.S. U.S. state, state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along ...

, Ohio. At the age of 18 months, Hawkins was put up for adoption and shortly thereafter was adopted and raised by

Blackfoot Indians The Blackfoot Confederacy, ''Niitsitapi'' or ''Siksikaitsitapi'' (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning "the people" or " Blackfoot-speaking real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Bla ...

. Hawkins studied classical piano as a child and learned guitar in his 20s. In a 1993 interview, Hawkins recounts telling his music tutor,

...to leave before I make your life miserable ..because with the type of music I want to play. The things I want to do with music and don't want to do it the old conventional way that everybody knows. I want to come up with my own ideas. I've got all the information that I need to get from you to do what I want, now if you stick around, I'm going to make your life miserable.

His initial goal was to become an opera singer (Hawkins cited Paul Robeson as his musical idol in interviews), but when his initial ambitions failed, he began his career as a conventional

blues Blues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the ...

singer and pianist. Other influences included Mario Lanza,

Enrico Caruso Enrico Caruso (, , ; 25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Italian operatic first lyrical tenor then dramatic tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles (74) ...

Lionel Hampton Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, and bandleader. Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich, to Charlie Parker, Charles ...

Dizzy Gillespie John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (; October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, educator and singer. He was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuosic style of Roy Eldridge but a ...

, Charles Brown, Amos Milburn, Wynonie Harris, Nellie Lutcher, Roy Brown, Jimmy Witherspoon,

Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson (born Edward L. Vinson Jr.; December 18, 1917 – July 2, 1988) was an American jump blues, jazz, bebop and R&B alto saxophonist and blues shouter. He was nicknamed Cleanhead after an incident in which his hair was a ...

, Roy Milton, Elmore James, Lightnin' Hopkins and H-Bomb Ferguson. He joined the

US Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

with a forged birth certificate in 1942 (aged 13), and allegedly served in a combat role, with his fellow soldiers and higher-ups around him ignoring the fact he was substantially underage. During this time, he also entertained the troops as part of his service. In 1944, he enlisted in the

Army Air Forces The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...

, being honorably discharged in 1952. Hawkins was an avid and formidable boxer during his years in the US Army (and later Air Force) boxing circuit. In 1949, he was the

middleweight Middleweight is a weight class in combat sports. Boxing Professional In professional boxing, the middleweight division is contested above and up to . Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have be ...

boxing champion of

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U ...

Career

I Put a Spell on You by Screamin' Jay Hawkins US vinyl

Early career

In 1951, Screamin’ Jay Hawkins began his career performing vocals and keyboards for Philadelphia guitarist Tiny Grimes, and was subsequently featured on some of Grimes' recordings. When Hawkins later went solo, his first single “Why Did You Waste My Time” was performed with accompaniment from Grimes’ band. In 1956, Hawkins signed with

OKeh Records Okeh Records () is an American record label founded by the Otto Heinemann Phonograph Corporation, a phonograph supplier established in 1916, which branched out into phonograph records in 1918. The name was spelled "OkeH" from the initials of Ott ...

. When Hawkins became a solo performer, he often performed in a stylish wardrobe of

leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, ...

skins, red leather, and wild hats.

"I Put a Spell on You"

Hawkins' most successful recording, " I Put a Spell on You" (1956), was selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. According to the ''AllMusic Guide to the Blues'', "Hawkins originally envisioned the tune as a refined ballad." The entire band was intoxicated during a recording session where "Hawkins screamed, grunted, and gurgled his way through the tune with utter drunken abandon." The resulting performance was no ballad but instead a "raw, guttural track" that became his greatest commercial success and reportedly surpassed a million copies in sales, although it failed to make the '' Billboard''

pop Pop or POP may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Pop music, a musical genre Artists * POP, a Japanese idol group now known as Gang Parade * Pop!, a UK pop group * Pop! featuring Angie Hart, an Australian band Albums * ''Pop'' ( ...

or R&B charts. Although Hawkins himself blacked out and was unable to remember the session, he relearned the song from the recorded version. Meanwhile, the record label released a second version of the single, removing most of the grunts that had embellished the original performance; this was in response to complaints about the recording's overt sexuality. Nonetheless it was banned from radio in some areas. Furthermore, the recording attracted the ire of groups such as the NAACP, "which worried that his act would reflect badly on African Americans." Hawkins later credited the uproar with a boost in sales due to the perceived taboo nature of his performances. Soon after the release of "I Put a Spell on You", radio disc jockey Alan Freed offered Hawkins $300 to emerge from a coffin onstage. Hawkins initially declined, reportedly saying "No black dude gets in a coffin alive – they don't expect to get out!" However, he later relented and soon created an outlandish stage persona in which performances began with the coffin and included "gold and leopard-skin costumes and notable voodoo stage props, such as his smoking skull on a stick – named Henry – and rubber snakes." These props were suggestive of voodoo, but also presented with comic overtones that invited comparison to "a black Vincent Price." Despite the commercial success of the gimmick, Hawkins resented the schlock-factor that made him famous. He found it exploitative, and believed it undermined his sincerity as a vocalist and a balladeer. In a 1973 interview, he bemoaned the Screamin' epithet given to him by his label Okeh records, saying "If it were up to me, I wouldn't be Screamin’ Jay Hawkins...James Brown did an awful lot of screamin’, but never got called Screamin’ James Brown...Why can't people take me as a regular singer without making a bogeyman out of me?" Screaming Jay Hawkins

"I Put a Spell On You" became a classic, covered by a variety of artists such as

Creedence Clearwater Revival Creedence Clearwater Revival, also referred to as Creedence and CCR, was an American rock band formed in El Cerrito, California. The band initially consisted of lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and primary songwriter John Fogerty; his brother, ...

, Nina Simone, Alan Price, The Animals,

Them Them or THEM, a third-person plural accusative personal pronoun, may refer to: Books * ''Them'' (novel), 3rd volume (1969) in American Joyce Carol Oates' ''Wonderland Quartet'' * '' Them: Adventures with Extremists'', 2003 non-fiction by Wels ...

with

Van Morrison Sir George Ivan Morrison (born 31 August 1945), known professionally as Van Morrison, is a Northern Irish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist whose recording career spans seven decades. He has won two Grammy Awards. As a teenager in t ...

, Arthur Brown, Bryan Ferry, Buddy Guy,

Carlos Santana Carlos Humberto Santana Barragán (; born July 20, 1947) is an American guitarist who rose to fame in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band Santana, which pioneered a fusion of Rock and roll and Latin American jazz. Its sound feature ...

, Tim Curry, Leon Russell,

Joe Cocker John Robert "Joe" Cocker (20 May 1944 – 22 December 2014) was an English singer known for his gritty, bluesy voice and dynamic stage performances that featured expressive body movements. Most of his best known singles were recordings of son ...

Nick Cave Nicholas Edward Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian singer, songwriter, poet, lyricist, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional actor. Known for his baritone voice and for fronting the rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, ...

Marilyn Manson Brian Hugh Warner (born January 5, 1969), known professionally as Marilyn Manson, is an American rock musician. He came to prominence as the lead singer of the band which shares his name, of which he remains the only constant member since it ...

, Mica Paris,

David Gilmour David Jon Gilmour ( ; born 6 March 1946) is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and member of the rock band Pink Floyd. He joined as guitarist and co-lead vocalist in 1967, shortly before the departure of founding member Syd Barrett. P ...

Jeff Beck Geoffrey Arnold Beck (born 24 June 1944) is an English rock guitarist. He rose to prominence with the Yardbirds and after fronted the Jeff Beck Group and Beck, Bogert & Appice. In 1975, he switched to a mainly instrumental style, with a fo ...

, Joss Stone, Diamanda Galas, and Annie Lennox. Hawkins' original version was featured during the show and over the credits of the 2003 ''

The Simpsons ''The Simpsons'' is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, ...

'' episode " I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can".

Later career

Hawkins' later releases included "Constipation Blues" (which included a spoken introduction by Hawkins in which he states he wrote the song because no one had written a blues song before about "real pain"), " Orange Colored Sky", and "Feast of the Mau Mau". Nothing he released, however, had the monumental success of "I Put a Spell on You". In Paris in 1999 and at the Taste of Chicago festival, he actually performed "Constipation Blues" with a toilet onstage. He continued to tour and record through the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in Europe, where he was very popular. Hawkins released a single recording of mainstream ballads in 1969, "Too Many Teardrops" and the Hawaiian styled "Makaha Waves" on the flip-side. In February 1976, he suffered facial injuries when he was burned by one of his flaming props while performing with his guitarist Mike Armando at the Virginia Theater in

Alexandria, Virginia Alexandria is an independent city in the northern region of the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. It lies on the western bank of the Potomac River approximately south of downtown Washington, D.C. In 2020, the population was 159,467. ...

. He appeared in performance (as himself) in the Alan Freed bio-pic ''

American Hot Wax ''American Hot Wax'' is a 1978 biographical film directed by Floyd Mutrux with a screenplay by John Kaye from a story by John Kaye and Art Linson. The film tells the story of pioneering disc jockey Alan Freed, who in the 1950s helped introduce a ...

'' in 1978. Subsequently, filmmaker

Jim Jarmusch James Robert Jarmusch (; born January 22, 1953) is an American film director and screenwriter. He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s, directing films including ''Stranger Than Paradise'' (1984), '' Down by Law'' (19 ...

featured "I Put a Spell on You" on the soundtrack – and deep in the plot – of his film ''

Stranger Than Paradise ''Stranger Than Paradise'' is a 1984 American black-and-white absurdist deadpan comedy film, co-written, directed and co-edited by Jim Jarmusch, and starring jazz musician John Lurie, former Sonic Youth drummer-turned-actor Richard Edson, an ...

'' (1983) and then Hawkins himself as a hotel night clerk in his '' Mystery Train'' and in roles in

Álex de la Iglesia Alejandro "Álex" de la Iglesia Mendoza (born 4 December 1965) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter, producer and former comic book artist. De la Iglesia's films combine grotesque and very dark elements such as death and murder: most of his ...

's ''

Perdita Durango ''Perdita Durango'', released as ''Dance with the Devil'' in the United States, is a 1997 action- crime- horror film directed by Álex de la Iglesia, based on Barry Gifford's 1992 novel ''59° and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango''. It stars ...

'' and Bill Duke's adaptation of Chester Himes' ''A Rage in Harlem''. In 1983, Hawkins relocated to the New York area. In 1984 and 1985, Hawkins collaborated with garage rockers the Fuzztones, resulting in ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins and the Fuzztones Live'' album recorded at Irving Plaza in December 1984. They performed in the 1986 movie ''

Joey Joey may refer to: People *Joey (name) Animals * Joey (marsupial), an infant marsupial * Joey, a Blue-fronted Amazon parrot who was one of the Blue Peter pets Film and television * ''Joey'' (1977 film), an American film directed by Horace ...

''. In 1990, Hawkins performed the song "Sirens Burnin'," which was featured in the 1990 horror film ''Night Angel''. In July 1991, Hawkins released his album ''Black Music for White People''. The record features covers of two

Tom Waits Thomas Alan Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. His lyrics often focus on the underbelly of society and are delivered in his trademark deep, gravelly voice. He worked primarily in jazz during ...

compositions: " Heart Attack and Vine" (which, later that year, was used in a European

Levi's Levi Strauss & Co. () is an American clothing company known worldwide for its Levi's () brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when German-Jewish immigrant Levi Strauss moved from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, California, t ...

advertisement without Waits' permission, resulting in a lawsuit), and "Ice Cream Man" (a Waits original and not a cover of the John Brim classic). Hawkins also covered the Waits song "Whistlin' Past the Graveyard", for his album ''Somethin' Funny Goin' On''. In 1993, his version of "Heart Attack and Vine" became his only UK hit, reaching No. 42 on the

UK singles chart The UK Singles Chart (currently titled Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-s ...

. In 1993, Hawkins moved to France. When Dread Zeppelin recorded their "disco" album, '' It's Not Unusual'' in 1992, producer Jah Paul Jo asked Hawkins to guest. He performed the songs " Jungle Boogie" and " Disco Inferno". He also toured with

the Clash The Clash were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 who were key players in the original wave of British punk rock. Billed as "The Only Band That Matters", they also contributed to the and new wave movements that emerged in the w ...

and

during this period, and not only became a fixture of blues festivals but appeared at many film festivals as well, including the Telluride Film Festival premiere of '' Mystery Train''. His 1957 single "Frenzy" (found on the early 1980s compilation of the same name) was included in the compilation CD, '' Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files'', in 1996. This song was featured in the show's Season 2 episode " Humbug". It was also covered by the band Batmobile. In 2001, the Greek director and writer Nicholas Triandafyllidis made the documentary ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins: I Put a Spell on Me'' about various stages of his life and career, including a filming of his last-ever live performance, in Athens on December 11, 1999, two months before his death, following a performance the day before in Salonica. In the documentary notable artists such as

, Bo Diddley, Eric Burdon, Frank Ash, Arthur Brown and Michael Ochs talked about Screamin' Jay Hawkins' early life, personality and career, and about his incredible talent.

Personal life

From 1962 to 1971, Hawkins lived in Hawaii. He returned to New York after purchasing a home in Hawaii and establishing his own publishing company, sustained by the royalties from covers of "I Put a Spell On You". Hawkins had six marriages; his last wife was 31 at his death. Singing partner Shoutin' Pat Newborn stabbed him in jealousy when he married Virginia Sabellona. He had three children with his first wife and claimed variously to have 57 or 75 children in total. After his death, his friend and biographer Maral Nigolian set up a website to trace these children, identifying 33, at least 12 of whom met at a 2001 reunion.

Death

Hawkins died after emergency surgery from an

aneurysm An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus ( ...

on February 12, 2000, in

Neuilly-sur-Seine Neuilly-sur-Seine (; literally 'Neuilly on Seine'), also known simply as Neuilly, is a commune in the department of Hauts-de-Seine in France, just west of Paris. Immediately adjacent to the city, the area is composed of mostly select residentia ...

, France, near Paris, at 70 years old.

Influence

Although Hawkins was not a major success as a recording artist, his highly theatrical performances from "I Put a Spell on You" onward earned him a steady career as a live performer for decades afterward, and influenced subsequent acts. He opened for Fats Domino, Tiny Grimes and the

Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. Active for six decades, they are one of the most popular and enduring bands of the rock era. In the early 1960s, the Rolling Stones pioneered the gritty, rhythmically d ...

. This exposure in turn influenced rock acts such as

Alice Cooper Alice Cooper (born Vincent Damon Furnier, February 4, 1948) is an American rock singer whose career spans over five decades. With a raspy voice and a stage show that features numerous props and stage illusions, including pyrotechnics, guilloti ...

the Cramps The Cramps were an American rock band formed in 1976 and active until 2006. Their lineup rotated frequently during their existence, with the husband-and-wife duo of singer Lux Interior and guitarist Poison Ivy the only ever-present members. ...

Screaming Lord Sutch Screaming Lord Sutch (10 November 1940 – 16 June 1999), who had his name legally changed from David Edward Sutch, was an English musician and perennial parliamentary candidate. He was the founder of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party a ...

Black Sabbath Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi, drummer Bill Ward, bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. The band helped def ...

, Arthur Brown,

Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group comprised vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With a heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are ...

, Rob Zombie, and

Glenn Danzig Glenn Allen Anzalone (born June 23, 1955), better known by his stage name Glenn Danzig, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, film director, and record producer. He is the founder of the rock bands Misfits, Samhain, and Danzig. He owns ...

Vox.com ''Vox'' () is an American news and opinion website owned by Vox Media. The website was founded in April 2014 by Ezra Klein, Matt Yglesias, and Melissa Bell, and is noted for its concept of explanatory journalism. Vox's media presence also ...

described Hawkins as a " goth icon". In the 2020 retrospective documentary mini series ''

Red Dwarf ''Red Dwarf'' is a British science fiction comedy franchise created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor, which primarily consists of a television sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1999, and on Dave since 2009, gaining a cult following. ...

: The First Three Million Years'' Hawkins is named as one of the key influences on Danny John-Jules' character Cat.

Discography

Studio albums

*1958 ''At Home with Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' (Okeh/Epic) – other editions entitled ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' and ''I Put a Spell on You'' *1965 ''The Night and Day of Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' (Planet/

52e Rue Est 52e Rue Est was a jazz record label in France during the 1970s and the 1980s that released a few jazz, soul, and blues albums. The label's roster included Chet Baker and Archie Shepp Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is an American jazz saxopho ...

) – also entitled ''In the Night and Day of Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' *1969 ''...What That Is!'' (Philips) *1970 ''Because Is in Your Mind (Armpitrubber)'' (Philips) *1972 ''A Portrait of a Man and His Woman'' (Hotline) – reissued as ''I Put a Spell on You'' and ''Blues Shouter'' *1977 ''I Put a Spell on You'' (Versatile – recordings from 1966 to 1976) *1979 ''Screamin' the Blues'' (Red Lightnin' – recordings from 1953 to 1970) *1979 ''Lawdy Miss Clawdy'' (Koala) *1983 ''Real Life'' (Zeta) *1990 ''The Art of Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' (Spivey) *1991 ''Black Music for White People'' (Bizarre/Straight Records/Planet Records) *1991 ''I Shake My Stick at You'' (Aim) *1993 ''Stone Crazy'' (Bizarre/Straight/Planet) *1994 ''Somethin' Funny Goin' On'' (Bizarre/Straight/Planet) *1998 ''At Last'' (Last Call)

Live albums

*1984 ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins and the Fuzztones Live'' (Midnight Records) *1988 ''At Home with Jay in the Wee Wee Hours'' (Midnight Records) *1988 ''Live & Crazy'' (Blue Phoenix) *1991 ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins and the Chikenhawks: Dr. Macabre'' (Trade Service) *1993 ''Rated X'' (Sting S) — recorded in 1970 *1999 ''Live at the Olympia, Paris'' (Last Call) — live with one new studio recording

Singles

*1953 "Not Anymore" / "Baptize Me in Wine" imely 1004*1954 "I Found My Way to Wine" / "Please Try to Understand Me" imely 1005*1955 "You're All of Life to Me" / "Well I Tried" ing 90005*1955 "This Is All" / "(She Put The) Whammee (On Me)" ercury 70549*1956 "Even Though" / "Talk About Me" ing 90055*1956 " I Put a Spell on You" / "Little Demon" Keh 7072*1957 "You Made Me Love You" / "Darling, Please Forgive Me" Keh 7084*1957 "Frenzy" / "Person to Person" Keh 7087*1958 "Alligator Wine" / "There's Something Wrong with You" Keh 7101*1960 "I'm So Glad (To Be Back)" / "The Pass" ed Top 126*1962 "I Hear Voices" / "Just Don't Care" nrica 1010*1962 "Ashes" / "Nitty Gritty" w/ Shoutin' Pat (Newborn) hancellor 1117*1966 "Poor Folks" / "Your Kind of Love" rovidence 411*1970 "Do You Really Love Me" / "Constipation Blues" hilips 40645*1973 "

Monkberry Moon Delight "Monkberry Moon Delight" is a song written by English musician Paul McCartney and his wife Linda, from their 1971 album '' Ram''. Composition and Arrangement "Monkberry Moon Delight" is in the key of C minor. McCartney's vocals are accompanied ...

" / "Sweet Ginny" ueen Bee 1313ref> *1993 " Heartattack and Vine" / "I Put a Spell on You" / "On the Job" olumbia 6591092

Multi-artist samplers and budget compilations

*1962 ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins and Lillian Briggs'' (Coronet) *1963 ''A Night at Forbidden City'' (Sounds of Hawaii) *1988 "I Put A Spell on You" (''Elvira Presents: Haunted Hits'' LP) *1990 "I Put A Spell On You" (''Elvira Presents: Haunted Hits'' CD re-release) *1994 "Little Demon" (''Elvira Presents: Monster Hits'' CD) *1996 "Frenzy" (''Songs in the Key of X – The X Files'')

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hawkins, Screamin Jay 1929 births 2000 deaths Accidental deaths in France American blues singers American blues pianists American rock singers American rock pianists American soul singers Rock and roll musicians American rhythm and blues musicians United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army Air Forces soldiers Musicians from Cleveland Okeh Records artists 20th-century African-American male singers African-American rock singers Apollo Records artists American male boxers 20th-century American musicians 20th-century American singers American male film actors American expatriates in France People from Neuilly-sur-Seine African-American pianists 20th-century American male singers United States Army soldiers United States Air Force airmen United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II Child soldiers in World War II