The Hawaiian Islands ( haw, Nā Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an
archipelago of eight major
islands, several
atoll
An atoll () is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical oceans and seas where corals can gro ...
s, and numerous smaller
islet
An islet is a very small, often unnamed island. Most definitions are not precise, but some suggest that an islet has little or no vegetation and cannot support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanen ...
s in the
North Pacific Ocean
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
Etymology
The word ''north'' is ...
, extending some from the
island of Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii ) is the largest island in the United States, located in the state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of ...
in the south to northernmost
Kure Atoll
Kure Atoll (; haw, Hōlanikū, translation=bringing forth heaven; haw, Mokupāpapa, translation=flat island, label=none) or Ocean Island is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean west-northwest of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ...
. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name that
James Cook chose in honor of the
4th Earl of Sandwich, the then
First Lord of the Admiralty
The First Lord of the Admiralty, or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, was the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy. He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the di ...
. Cook came across the islands by chance when crossing the Pacific Ocean on his
Third Voyage in 1778, on board
HMS ''Resolution''; he was later killed on the islands on a return visit. The contemporary name of the islands, dating from the 1840s, is derived from the name of the largest island,
Hawaii Island
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii ) is the largest island in the United States, located in the state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of t ...
.
Hawaii sits on the
Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At , it is the largest tectonic plate.
The plate first came into existence 190 million years ago, at the triple junction between the Farallon, Phoenix, and Iza ...
and is the only
U.S. state
In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sov ...
that is not geographically connected to North America. It is part of the
Polynesia
Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...
subregion of
Oceania. The state of
Hawaii occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the mostly uninhabited
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), with the sole exception of
Midway Island
Midway Atoll (colloquial: Midway Islands; haw, Kauihelani, translation=the backbone of heaven; haw, Pihemanu, translation=the loud din of birds, label=none) is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. Midway Atoll is an insular area of the Unit ...
, which also belongs to the United States, as one of its
unincorporated territories within the
United States Minor Outlying Islands
The United States Minor Outlying Islands is a statistical designation defined by the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 code. The entry code is ISO 3166-2:UM. The minor outlying islands and groups of islands consist ...
.
The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, formed by
volcanic activity
Volcanism, vulcanism or volcanicity is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a ...
over a
hotspot
Hotspot, Hot Spot or Hot spot may refer to:
Places
* Hot Spot, Kentucky, a community in the United States
Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities
* Hot Spot (comics), a name for the DC Comics character Isaiah Crockett
* Hot Spot (Tr ...
in the
Earth's mantle. The islands are about from the nearest continent.
Islands and reefs
The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate.
Archaeological
Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD.
Captain
Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...
James Cook,
RN, visited the islands on January 18, 1778, and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of
The 4th Earl of Sandwich, who as the
First Lord of the Admiralty
The First Lord of the Admiralty, or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, was the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy. He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the di ...
was one of his sponsors. This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.
The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of . Except for Midway, which is an
unincorporated territory
Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions overseen by the federal government of the United States. The various American territories differ from the U.S. states and tribal reservations as they are not sover ...
of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as
Hawaii—the 50th state of the
United States.
Major islands
The eight major islands of Hawaii (Windward Islands) are listed above. All except Kaho'olawe are inhabited.
Minor islands, islets
The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain. This number includes all minor islands (small islands),
islet
An islet is a very small, often unnamed island. Most definitions are not precise, but some suggest that an islet has little or no vegetation and cannot support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanen ...
s (even smaller islands) offshore of the major islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:
*
Kaʻula
Kaʻula Island, also called Kaʻula Rock, is a small, crescent-shaped island in the Hawaiian Islands.
Mythology
In the legend of Papa and Wākea, Kaula is the seventh-born child.
Geography
It is located west-southwest of Kawaihoa Point on N ...
*
Kāohikaipu
Kāohikaipu (also known as Black Rock) is an islet located in Honolulu County, Hawaii. It is situated 0.6 miles away from nearby Mānana Island (Rabbit Island). The total size of Kāohikaipu is 11 acres.
Its formation was due to the Honolulu Vol ...
*
Lehua
Lehua Island is a small, crescent-shaped island in the Hawaiian islands, north of Niihau, due west of Kauai. The uninhabited, barren island is a tuff cone which is part of the active Niihau volcano.
Lehua was one of the first five isl ...
*
Mānana
Mānana Island is an uninhabited islet located off Kaupō Beach, near Makapuu at the eastern end of the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. In the Hawaiian language, ''mānana'' means "buoyant". The islet is commonly referred to as Rabbit ...
*
Mōkōlea Rock
*
Mokolii
*
Moku Manu
Moku Manu, or Bird Island in the Hawaiian language, is an offshore islet of Oahu, three-quarters of a mile off Mokapu Peninsula. Moku Manu and an adjacent small islet are connected by an underwater dike. The island was formed from debris flung fr ...
*
Mokuauia
*
Moku o Loʻe
*
Moku Ola
*
Mokuʻumeʻume
*
Molokini
Molokini is a crescent-shaped, partially submerged volcanic crater which forms a small, uninhabited islet located in ʻAlalākeiki Channel between the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, within Maui County in Hawaii. It is the remains of one of the se ...
*
Nā Mokulua
Nā Mokulua, or just Mokulua (meaning, in Hawaiian, "the two islands") are two islets off the windward coast of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. The islets are often photographed and are located about 0.75 miles off Kaʻōhao (Lanikai), a neighborho ...
Partial islands, atolls, reefs
Partial islands, atolls, reefs (west of Niihau are
uninhabited
The list of uninhabited regions includes a number of places around the globe. The list changes year over year as human beings migrate into formerly uninhabited regions, or migrate out of formerly inhabited regions.
List
As a group, the list of ...
except Midway Atoll) form the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Leeward Islands):
*
Nihoa
Nihoa (; haw, Nīhoa ), also known as Bird Island or Moku Manu, is the tallest of ten islands and atolls in the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). The island is located at the southern end of the NWHI chain, southeast of ...
(Mokumana)
*
Necker (Mokumanamana)
*
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemilohai)
*
Gardner Pinnacles
The Gardner Pinnacles ( haw, Pūhāhonu) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at .
The volcano is northwest of Honolulu and from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two ...
(Pūhāhonu)
*
Maro Reef
Maro Reef ( Hawaiian: Nalukākala - "surf that arrives in combers") is a largely submerged coral atoll located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It was discovered in 1820 by Captain Joseph Allen of the ship '' Maro'', after whose ship the ...
(Nalukākala)
*
Laysan
Laysan (; haw, italics=no, Kauō ), located northwest of Honolulu at , is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It comprises one land mass of , about in size. It is an atoll of sorts, although the land completely surrounds a shallow ...
(Kauō)
*
Lisianski Island
Lisianski Island ( Hawaiian: ''Papa‘āpoho'') is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a land area of and a maximum elevation of above sea level. It is a low, flat sand and coral island about northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. The islan ...
(Papaāpoho)
*
Pearl and Hermes Atoll
The Pearl and Hermes Atoll ( haw, Holoikauaua), also known as Pearl and Hermes Reef, is part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a group of small islands and atolls that form the farthest northwest portion of the Hawaiian island chain. The ...
(Holoikauaua)
*
Midway Atoll
Midway Atoll (colloquial: Midway Islands; haw, Kauihelani, translation=the backbone of heaven; haw, Pihemanu, translation=the loud din of birds, label=none) is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. Midway Atoll is an insular area of the Uni ...
(Pihemanu)
*
Kure Atoll
Kure Atoll (; haw, Hōlanikū, translation=bringing forth heaven; haw, Mokupāpapa, translation=flat island, label=none) or Ocean Island is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean west-northwest of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ...
(Mokupāpapa)
Geology
This chain of islands, or
archipelago, developed as the
Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At , it is the largest tectonic plate.
The plate first came into existence 190 million years ago, at the triple junction between the Farallon, Phoenix, and Iza ...
slowly moved northwestward over a
hotspot
Hotspot, Hot Spot or Hot spot may refer to:
Places
* Hot Spot, Kentucky, a community in the United States
Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities
* Hot Spot (comics), a name for the DC Comics character Isaiah Crockett
* Hot Spot (Tr ...
in the
Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to
erosion. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods. From this study and others, it is estimated that the northwesternmost island,
Kure Atoll
Kure Atoll (; haw, Hōlanikū, translation=bringing forth heaven; haw, Mokupāpapa, translation=flat island, label=none) or Ocean Island is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean west-northwest of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ...
, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island,
Hawaii, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaii, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast,
Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Loihi). The
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is an agency of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and one of five volcano observatories operating under the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Based in Hilo, Hawaii, the observatory monitors six Hawaiian volcan ...
of the
USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism.
Kīlauea
Kīlauea ( , ) is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Located along the southeastern shore of the Big Island of Hawaii, the volcano is between 210,000 and 280,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago. His ...
had been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 when it stopped August 2018.
Almost all of the
magma of the hotspot has the composition of
basalt
Basalt (; ) is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon. More than 90% of a ...
, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained
gabbro
Gabbro () is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is ch ...
and
diabase.
Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaii are
Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.
Hawaii island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes.
Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest
shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than , from sea level to sea floor about .
Earthquakes
The Hawaiian Islands have many
earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in
Hilo, by missionaries
Titus Coan
Titus Coan (February 1, 1801 – December 1, 1882) was an American minister from New England who spent most of his life as a Christian missionary to the Hawaiian Islands.
Early life and family
Titus Coan was born on February 1, 1801 in Killingwort ...
, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. Between 1833 and 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.
Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a
magnitude
Magnitude may refer to:
Mathematics
*Euclidean vector, a quantity defined by both its magnitude and its direction
*Magnitude (mathematics), the relative size of an object
*Norm (mathematics), a term for the size or length of a vector
*Order of ...
3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after
Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
and
California.
On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the
Kona
Kona or KONA may refer to:
People
*Kona (surname)
*Dilshad Nahar Kona, Bangladeshi singer also known as Kona
Television
* ''Kona'' (TV series), a Kenyan telenovela that premiered in 2013
Locations
* Kona, Kentucky
* Kona, North Carolina
* Ko ...
area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7
aftershock
In seismology, an aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock, caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousand ...
. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as
Honolulu, Oahu, nearly from the
epicenter
The epicenter, epicentre () or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Surface damage
Before the instrumental pe ...
. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.
On May 4, 2018, there was a 6.9 earthquake in the zone of volcanic activity from
Kīlauea
Kīlauea ( , ) is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Located along the southeastern shore of the Big Island of Hawaii, the volcano is between 210,000 and 280,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago. His ...
.
Earthquakes are monitored by the
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is an agency of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and one of five volcano observatories operating under the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Based in Hilo, Hawaii, the observatory monitors six Hawaiian volcan ...
run by the
USGS.
Tsunamis
The Hawaiian Islands are subject to
tsunamis, great
waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by
earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.
Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of
Molokai had a catastrophic collapse or
debris avalanche
Debris flows are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down mountainsides, funnel into stream channels, entrain objects in their paths, and form thick, muddy deposits on valley floors. They generally ...
over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The
Hilina Slump
The Hilina Slump, on the south flank of the Kilauea Volcano, Kīlauea Volcano on the southeast coast of the Hawaii (island), Big Island of Hawaii, Hawaiʻi, is the most notable of several landslides that ring each of the Hawaiian Islands. These ...
on the
island of Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii ) is the largest island in the United States, located in the state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it has 63% of ...
is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.
The city of
Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of
Hilo Bay. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.
A tsunami resulting from an
earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.
A tsunami resulting from an
earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.
History
Ecology
The islands are home to a multitude of
endemic species. Since human settlement, first by
Polynesians, non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans has also led to deforestation,
forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and
environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct—with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming,
monocultural crop production replaced
multi-species systems.
The arrival of the
Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the
list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.
The Hawaiian Island ...
. , many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.
National Monument
On June 15, 2006, President
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...
issued a public proclamation creating
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the
Antiquities Act
The Antiquities Act of 1906 (, , ), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This law gives the President of the United States the authority to, by presidential pro ...
of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest
marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010,
UNESCO's
World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its
list
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby union ...
of
World Heritage Sites. On August 26, 2016, President
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the U ...
greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.
Climate
The Hawaiian Islands are
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
but experience many different climates, depending on altitude and surroundings.
The islands receive most rainfall from the
trade wind
The trade winds or easterlies are the permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisph ...
s on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of
orographic precipitation
Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as ''oreography'', ''orology'' or ''oreology'') falls within the broader discip ...
.
[ Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks, or leeward sides, tend to be drier.][
In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).][ Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.][ The ]tropical storm
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depend ...
s, and occasional hurricane
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depend ...
s, tend to occur from July through November.[
During the summer months the average temperature is about 84 °F (29 °C), in the winter months it is approximately 78,8 °F (26 °C). As the temperature is relatively constant over the year the probability of dangerous thunderstorms is approximately low.]
See also
* Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System
* Index of Hawaii-related articles
The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of Hawaii:
0–9
* .hi.us – Internet second-level domain for the state of Hawaii
* 25th Infantry Division
* 29th Hawaii State Legislature
* 50th state to join ...
* List of birds of Hawaii
* List of fish of Hawaii
* List of mountain peaks of Hawaii
This article comprises three sortable tables of the 13 major mountain peaks of the Hawaiian Islands and the U.S. State of Hawaii. Each of these 13 major summits has at least of topographic prominence.
The summit of a mountain or hill may ...
* List of Ultras of Hawaii
* Maritime fur trade
* Outline of Hawaii
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Hawaii:
Hawaii is the newest state among the 50 states of the United States of America. It is also the southernmost state, the only tropical stat ...
References
Further reading
*
An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago
from th
Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise (PRIDE)
*
**1970 edition:
*
The Ocean Atlas of Hawai‘i
'' – SOEST at University of Hawaii.
*
Volcano World ; Your World is Erupting
– Oregon State University College of Science
{{Authority control
Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
Archipelagoes of Oceania
Archipelagoes of the United States
Divided regions
Geography of Polynesia
Islands
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Physical oceanography
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Marine ecoregions