Samuel Gottlieb Linde (polonised ''Samuel Bogumił Linde''; 11 or 24 April 1771, in
Toruń
)''
, image_skyline =
, image_caption =
, image_flag = POL Toruń flag.svg
, image_shield = POL Toruń COA.svg
, nickname = City of Angels, Gingerbread city, Copernicus Town
, pushpin_map = Kuyavian-Pom ...
– 8 August 1847, in
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
) was a
linguist
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...
,
librarian
A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library providing access to information, and sometimes social or technical programming, or instruction on information literacy to users.
The role of the librarian has changed much over time ...
, and
lexicographer
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines. It is the art of compiling dictionaries.
* Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries.
* Theoretica ...
of the
Polish language
Polish (Polish: ''język polski'', , ''polszczyzna'' or simply ''polski'', ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group written in the Latin script. It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles. In a ...
. He was director of the Prussian-founded
Warsaw Lyceum during its existence (1804–31), and an important figure of the
Polish Enlightenment
The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Gol ...
.
Life
Samuel Gottlieb Linde was born in Toruń,
Crown of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Latin: ''Corona Regni Poloniae''), known also as the Polish Crown, is the common name for the historic Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, includi ...
, which 22 years later, after his birth, as a result of the
Second Partition of Poland
The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian W ...
, became a city under the rule of the King of Prussia (
Prussian Poland
The Province of Posen (german: Provinz Posen, pl, Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920. Posen was established in 1848 following the Greater Poland Uprising as a successor to the Grand Duchy of Posen, w ...
), to Jan Jacobsen Linde, a master locksmith and member of the city council who had immigrated from
Sweden, and Anna Barbara, ''
née'' Langenhann. His mother's family originated from
Coburg
Coburg () is a town located on the Itz river in the Upper Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany. Long part of one of the Thuringian states of the Wettin line, it joined Bavaria by popular vote only in 1920. Until the revolution of 1918, it ...
. His second name ''
Gottlieb
Gottlieb (formerly D. Gottlieb & Co.) was an American arcade game corporation based in Chicago, Illinois.
History
The main office and plant was located at 1140-50 N. Kostner Avenue until the early 1970s when a new modern plant and office was lo ...
'' has been rendered in Polish as ''Bogumił''. Linde came from a German-speaking family but learned the Polish language in Leipzig in order to serve as a ''
lector
Lector is Latin for one who reads, whether aloud or not. In modern languages it takes various forms, as either a development or a loan, such as french: lecteur, en, lector, pl, lektor and russian: лектор. It has various specialized uses.
...
'' of Polish at
University of Leipzig
Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 Decemb ...
where he had previously studied theology and philology. In 1793 he began to collaborate with supporters of the
Constitution of May 3, 1791
The Constitution of 3 May 1791,; lt, Gegužės trečiosios konstitucija titled the Governance Act, was a constitution adopted by the Great Sejm ("Four-Year Sejm", meeting in 1788–1792) for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a dual mo ...
. During the
Kościuszko Uprising (1794) he was in Warsaw and supported
Hugo Kołłątaj
Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj, also spelled ''Kołłątay'' (pronounced , 1 April 1750 – 28 February 1812), was a prominent Polish constitutional reformer and educationalist, and one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment. He s ...
.
In 1795–1803 he was a librarian to
Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński
Count Józef Kajetan Piotr Maksymilian Ossoliński known as Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748 – 17 March 1826) was a Polish nobleman, landowner, politician, novelist, poet, historian and researcher into literature, historian, translator, ...
and began gathering material for his future dictionary for Polish and other Slavic grammar and expressions by traveling for six years through Galicia and to Moldova. He became director at the newly established Königlich-Preußisches Lyzäum in Warsaw, the later
Warsaw Lyceum (1804-31).
Linde hired
Frédéric Chopin's father,
Nicolas Chopin
Nicolas Chopin (in pl, Mikołaj Chopin; 15 April 17713 May 1844) was a teacher of the French language in History of Poland (1795–1918), Partitioned Poland, and father of Polish composer Frédéric Chopin#Childhood, Frédéric Chopin.Łopaciń ...
, as a teacher of
French language. The composer himself studied at the Lyceum in 1823–26.
Linde was a
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
and he was instrumental in establishing the Lutheran community in Warsaw. He is buried at the
Evangelical Cemetery of the Augsburg Confession in Warsaw
( pl, Cmentarz ewangelicko-augsburski w Warszawie), The Evangelical Lutheran Cemetery of the Augsburg Confession in Warsaw is a historic Lutheran Protestant cemetery located in the Wola district, western part of Warsaw, Poland.
Details
The Evang ...
. Linde married Ludwika Nussbaum, originally from Switzerland. Their daughter Ludwika Emilia Izabela married
Leopold Otto, a Lutheran pastor.
Works
Linde's major work was ' (Dictionary of the Polish Language), a six-volume monolingual
dictionary, of lasting importance for
Slavic lexicography
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines. It is the art of compiling dictionaries.
* Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries.
* Theoreti ...
, published in Warsaw in 1807–14. It was the first major dictionary of the Polish language.
The second edition was published posthumously in
Lemberg (Polish Lwów, now Lviv) in 1854-1861. Both editions are now present in several digital libraries.
See also
*
List of Poles
This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing people. People of partial Polish heritage have their respective ancestries credited.
Science
Physics
* Czesław Białobrzeski
* Andrzej Buras
* Georges Charpa ...
References
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Linde, Samuel
1771 births
1847 deaths
Polish lexicographers
Linguists from Poland
Polish scientists
Polish Lutherans
Kościuszko insurgents
People from Toruń
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Congress Poland)
Polish people of German descent
Polish people of Swedish descent