Salamandridae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All t ...

s consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin. Their skin is very granular because of the number of poison glands. They also lack nasolabial grooves. Most species of Salamandridae have moveable eyelids but lack lacrimal glands. Nearly all salamandrids produce a potent toxin in their skin, with some species being deadly to many other animal species. With a few exceptions, salamandrids have patterns of bright and contrasting colours, most of these are to warn potential predators of their toxicity. They have four well-developed limbs, with four toes on the fore limbs, and (in most cases) five toes on the hind limbs. They vary from in length. Many species within this family reproduce by method of internal fertilization. Additionally, there are many species-specific courtship rituals that males perform to attract mates. These courtship rituals often employ pheromones to induce mating behavior in females. Pheromones have been discovered to be the driving force behind female mating responses in Alpine newts. These pheromones can induce behavior even when male visual epidemic characters and courtship dances are absent. All species within the genus ''Lyciasalamandra'' are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young, without a tadpole stage. There are some species within the genus ''Salamandra'' are known to be viviparous too''.'' Some newts are

neotenic Neoteny (), also called juvenilization,Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT. is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans compare ...

, being able to reproduce before they are fully metamorphosed. The females of many species can store sperm for up to 6 months at a time.

Toxicity

The genus ''Taricha'' use the poison tetrodotoxin (TTX) that binds and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_v) in nerves and muscles. This blockage causes the cessation of action potentials, leading to paralysis and death. Tetrodotoxin is the most toxic non-protein substance known. The Rough-Skinned Newt (''Taricha granulosa)'' uses tetrodotoxin and is considered the most poisonous species of Newt. There are species and sub-species of ''Taricha'' that live in concurrent regions with a garter snake (''Thamnophis)'' that has developed a resistance to the TTX poisoning. Species that inhabit regions with resistant ''Thamnophis'' snakes have evolved to increase their concentrations of TTX in an evolutionary arms race of predator versus prey.

Conservation Status (IUCN Redlist)

Phylogeny

Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011) and modified using Mikko Haaramo

Taxonomy

The genus ''Salamandrina'' is the only member of the subfamily Salamandrininae, and the genera ''Chioglossa'', ''Lyciasalamandra'', ''Mertensiella'', and ''Salamandra'' are grouped in the subfamily Salamandrinae, with sixteen other genera comprising the subfamily Pleurodelinae. Those with a more thoroughly aquatic lifestyle are referred to as "newts", but this is not a formal taxonomic description. Family SALAMANDRIDAE *Subfamily Pleurodelinae **Genus ''

Calotriton ''Calotriton'', or the European brook newts, is a genus of newts native to the Pyrenees and central Catalonia (Catalan Pre-coastal Range). These amphibians were formerly placed within genus ''Euproctus'', but the genus was resurrected in 2005. ...

'' - two species ***''

Calotriton arnoldi The Montseny brook newt ( ca, tritó del Montseny; ''Calotriton arnoldi'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to the Montseny Massif (Catalan Pre-Coastal Range) in northeast Spain. Before it was formally descri ...

'' Carranza & Amat, 2005 ***''

Calotriton asper The Pyrenean brook salamander or Pyrenean newt ( an, guardafuents pirenenco; ca, tritó pirinenc; eu, uhandre piriniarra; es, tritón pirenaico), ''Calotriton asper'', is a largely aquatic species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It ...

'' (Dugès, 1852) **Genus ''

Cynops The fire belly newt or fire newt is a genus (''Cynops'') of newts native to Japan and China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by pop ...

'' (fire belly newts) - ten species ***''

Cynops chenggongensis The Chenggong fire belly newt (''Cynops chenggongensis'') is a species of newt of China. It is only known from its type locality, Shuitan in the Chenggong District of Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the ...

'' Kou and Xing, 1983 ***''

Cynops cyanurus The Chuxiong fire-bellied newt (''Cynops cyanurus'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae that is endemic to China where it is only found in Guizhou and Yunnan. It also occurs in Kunming Lake. Its natural habitat In ...

'' Liu, Hu, and Yang, 1962 ***''

Cynops ensicauda The sword-tail newt, sword-tailed newt, yellow-bellied newt, or Okinawa newt (''Cynops ensicauda'') is a species of true salamander from the Ryukyu Archipelago in Japan. It has recently been placed on Japan's Red List of Threatened Amphibians ...

'' (Hallowell, 1861) ***''

Cynops fudingensis The Fuding fire belly newt (''Cynops fudingensis'') is a rare species of newt in the family Salamandridae, endemic to China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of c ...

'' Wu, Wang, Jiang, and Hanken, 2010 ***''

Cynops glaucus The fire belly newt or fire newt is a genus (''Cynops'') of newts native to Japan and China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by pop ...

'' Yuan, Jiang, Ding, Zhang, and Che, 2013 ***''

Cynops orientalis The Chinese fire belly newt (''Cynops orientalis'') is a small () black newt, with bright-orange aposematic coloration on their ventral sides. ''C. orientalis'' is commonly seen in pet stores, where it is frequently confused with the Japanese f ...

'' (David, 1873) ***''

Cynops orphicus The Dayang newt (''Cynops orphicus'') is a rare species of salamander in the family Salamandridae, endemic to China. It is known from Jiexi County in eastern Guangdong from where it was collected in 1936 (more specifically, from Dayang, whic ...

'' Risch, 1983 ***''

Cynops pyrrhogaster The Japanese fire-bellied newt or Japanese fire-bellied salamander (''Cynops pyrrhogaster'') is a species of newt endemic to Japan. The skin on its upper body is dark, while its lower regions are bright red, although coloration varies with age, ...

'' (Boie, 1826) ***'' Cynops wolterstorffi'' (Boulenger, 1905) ***''

Cynops yunnanensis The fire belly newt or fire newt is a genus (''Cynops'') of newts native to Japan and China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by pop ...

'' Yang, 1983 **Genus '' Echinotriton'' - three species ***'' Echinotriton andersoni'' (Boulenger, 1892) ***'' Echinotriton chinhaiensis'' (Chang, 1932) ***'' Echinotriton maxiquadratus'' Hou, Wu, Yang, Zheng, Yuan, and Li, 2014 **Genus ''

Euproctus ''Euproctus'', the European mountain salamanders, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae from Sardinia and Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in t ...

'' - two species ***''

Euproctus montanus The Corsican brook salamander or Corsican mountain newt (''Euproctus montanus'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The Corsican brook salamander is found primari ...

'' (Savi, 1838) ***''

Euproctus platycephalus ''Euproctus'', the European mountain salamanders, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae from Sardinia and Corsica. Species There are two species: The Pyrenean brook salamander used to be included in this genus as ''Euproctus ...

'' (Gravenhorst, 1829) **Genus '' Ichthyosaura'' - one species ***'' Ichthyosaura alpestris'' (Laurenti, 1768) **Genus ''

Laotriton The Laos warty newt (''Laotriton laoensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the Saysomboun Special Zone and Phou Kout District in Xiangkhouang Province, Laos. Its natural habitats are subtropical or ...

'' - one species ***'' Laotriton laoensis'' (Stuart & Papenfuss, 2002) **Genus ''

Lissotriton ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small sp ...

'' - ten species ***''

Lissotriton boscai Boscá's newt (''Lissotriton boscai'', formerly ''Triturus boscai'' ), also known as the Iberian newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. The species is found in Portugal and western Spain. Etymology The specific name ''boscai'' ...

'' (Lataste, 1879) ***''

Lissotriton graecus The Greek smooth newt or Greek newt (''Lissotriton graecus'') is a newt species found in the southern Balkans, from southern Croatia (Dalmatia) over Montenegro, Albania and North Macedonia to Greece and south-westernmost Bulgaria. Willy Wolters ...

'' (Wolterstorff, 1906) ***''

Lissotriton helveticus The palmate newt (''Lissotriton helveticus'') is a species of newt found in Western Europe, from Great Britain to the northern Iberian peninsula. It is long and olive or brown with some dark spots. The underside is yellow to orange, and the thr ...

'' (Razoumovsky, 1789) ***'' Lissotriton italicus'' (Peracca, 1898) ***''

Lissotriton kosswigi ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small s ...

'' (Freytag, 1955) ***''

Lissotriton lantzi ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small s ...

'' (Wolterstorff, 1914) ***''

Lissotriton maltzani ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small s ...

'' (Boettger, 1879) ***''

Lissotriton montandoni The Carpathian newt, or Montandon’s newt, (''Lissotriton montandoni'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The total length of adults of this species is arou ...

'' (Boulenger, 1880) ***''

Lissotriton schmidtleri Schmidtler's smooth newt (''Lissotriton schmidtleri'') is a newt species found from northwestern Greece and southeast Bulgaria over East Thrace across the Bosphorus to northwest Anatolia. Its range borders that of the smooth newt (''L. vulgaris ...

'' (Raxworthy, 1988) ***'' Lissotriton vulgaris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) **Genus ''

Neurergus ''Neurergus'' is a genus of salamanders, more specifically newts, in the family Salamandridae. They are found in the Middle East (predominantly in Turkey and Iran), and are kept and bred in captivity for their bright colors. In nature, they inha ...

'' - five species ***''

Neurergus barani ''Neurergus'' is a genus of salamanders, more specifically newts, in the family Salamandridae. They are found in the Middle East (predominantly in Turkey and Iran), and are kept and bred in captivity for their bright colors. In nature, they inha ...

'' Öz, 1994 ***''

Neurergus crocatus ''Neurergus crocatus'', the yellow-spotted newt, Azerbaijan newt, Azerbaijan mountain newt, mountain newt, or Lake Urmia newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It occurs in the mountains west of Lake Urmia, in northwester ...

'' Cope, 1862 ***''

Neurergus derjugini ''Neurergus derjugini'', the Kurdistan newt, Kordestan newt, Derjugin's (Kordestan) mountain newt, or yellow-spotted mountain newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in Kurdistan in western Iran and in northeaste ...

'' (Nesterov, 1916) ***''

Neurergus kaiseri ''Neurergus kaiseri'', the Luristan newt, Kaiser's mountain newt, Kaiser's spotted newt or emperor spotted newt (not to be confused with '' Tylototriton shanjing''), is a species of very colourful salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is en ...

'' Schmidt, 1952 ***''

Neurergus strauchii ''Neurergus strauchii'', the Anatolia newt or Strauch's spotted newt, is one of five species of salamander in the genus ''Neurergus''. It is more specifically a newt, in the family Salamandridae, and is found only in Turkey. Its natural habitats ...

'' (Steindachner, 1887) **Genus ''

Notophthalmus ''Notophthalmus'' is a genus of newt A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aqua ...

'' - three species ***''

Notophthalmus meridionalis ''Notophthalmus meridionalis'', the black-spotted newt or Texas newt, is a species of aquatic newt native to northeastern Mexico and southern Texas in the United States. This amphibian was put on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species in 2008 wi ...

'' (Cope, 1880) ***'' Notophthalmus perstriatus'' (Bishop, 1941) ***''

Notophthalmus viridescens The eastern newt (''Notophthalmus viridescens'') is a common newt of eastern North America. It frequents small lakes, ponds, and streams or nearby wet forests. The eastern newt produces tetrodotoxin, which makes the species unpalatable to predat ...

'' (Rafinesque, 1820) **Genus ''

Ommatotriton ''Ommatotriton'' or ''banded newts'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus occurs in Western Asia and Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly compris ...

'' - three species ***''

Ommatotriton nesterovi ''Ommatotriton'' or ''banded newts'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus occurs in Western Asia and Caucasus. The species in this genus were formerly placed in the genus ''Triturus''. Taxonomy The genus contains th ...

'' (Litvinchuk, Zuiderwijk, Borkin, and Rosanov, 2005) ***''

Ommatotriton ophryticus ''Ommatotriton ophryticus'', the northern banded newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is found in northeastern Turkey and western Caucasus in Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, and southern Russia. Taxonomy ''Ommatotriton ...

'' (Berthold, 1846) ***'' Ommatotriton vittatus'' (Gray, 1835) **Genus ''

Pachytriton ''Pachytriton'', also known as the paddle-tail newts or Chinese newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished fr ...

'' - ten species ***''

Pachytriton airobranchiatus ''Pachytriton'', also known as the paddle-tail newts or Chinese newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. They are found in southeastern China. Species There are ten species: References

Pachytriton, Amphibian ge ...

'' Li, Yuan, Li, and Wu, 2018 ***'' Pachytriton archospotus'' Shen, Shen, and Mo, 2008 ***''

Pachytriton brevipes The spotted paddle-tail newt (''Pachytriton brevipes'') is an amphibian native to southeastern China; it was named in 1876. A member of the family Salamandridae, it is closely related to the spotless paddle-tail newt (''Pachytriton labiatus'') ...

'' (Sauvage, 1876) ***'' Pachytriton changi'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Jiang, 2012 ***''

Pachytriton feii ''Pachytriton feii'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae from the Huangshan Mountains of Anhui Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China reg ...

'' Nishikawa, Jiang, and Matsui, 2011 ***''

Pachytriton granulosus ''Pachytriton granulosus'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or c ...

'' Chang, 1933 ***''

Pachytriton inexpectatus ''Pachytriton inexpectatus'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to southern China and found in the Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces. Its type locality is Mount Dayao of Jinxiu Yao Autonomous ...

'' Nishikawa, Jiang, Matsui, and Mo, 2011 ***''

Pachytriton moi ''Pachytriton moi'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China, and known from its type locality, Huaping National Nature Reserve in Longsheng County, and from Mao'er Mountain in Ziyuan County. R ...

'' Nishikawa, Jiang, and Matsui, 2011 ***''

Pachytriton wuguanfui ''Pachytriton wuguanfui'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae from Hunan and Guangxi in southern China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning ...

'' Yuan, Zhang, and Che, 2016 ***''

Pachytriton xanthospilos ''Pachytriton xanthospilos'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae from Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise ...

'' Wu, Wang, and Hanken, 2012 **Genus ''

Paramesotriton ''Paramesotriton'', also known as warty newts or Asian warty newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus is found in southwestern and southern China and in northern Vietnam. Most of the species are endemic to China, a ...

'' - fourteen species ***'' Paramesotriton aurantius'' Yuan, Wu, Zhou, and Che, 2016 ***'' Paramesotriton caudopunctatus'' (Liu and Hu, 1973) ***''

Paramesotriton chinensis The Chinese warty newt (''Paramesotriton chinensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in China, with a range extending from Chongqing to Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provin ...

'' (Gray, 1859) ***''

Paramesotriton deloustali The Tam Dao salamander or Vietnamese salamander (''Paramesotriton deloustali'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or t ...

'' (Bourret, 1934) ***''

Paramesotriton fuzhongensis The Wanggao warty newt (''Paramesotriton fuzhongensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in northeastern Guangxi, China, in Zhongshan, Fuchuan and Gongcheng counties. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tro ...

'' Wen, 1989 ***'' Paramesotriton guangxiensis'' (Huang, Tang, and Tang, 1983) ***'' Paramesotriton hongkongensis'' (Myers and Leviton, 1962) ***''

Paramesotriton labiatus ''Paramesotriton labiatus'' is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with ''Paramesotriton chinensis'', ''Pachytriton granulosus'', or ''Pa ...

'' (Unterstein, 1930) ***'' Paramesotriton longliensis'' Li, Tian, Gu, and Xiong, 2008 ***'' Paramesotriton maolanensis'' Gu, Chen, Tian, Li, and Ran, 2012 ***'' Paramesotriton qixilingensis'' Yan, Zhao, Jiang, Hou, He, Murphy, and Che, 2014 ***'' Paramesotriton wulingensis'' Wang, Tian, and Gu, 2013 ***'' Paramesotriton yunwuensis'' Wu, Jiang, and Hanken, 2010 ***'' Paramesotriton zhijinensis'' Li, Tian, and Gu, 2008 **Genus '' Pleurodeles'' - three species ***''

Pleurodeles nebulosus The Algerian ribbed newt (''Pleurodeles nebulosus'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Algeria and Tunisia. The natural habitats of this newt are rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, cisterns, freshwater marshe ...

'' (Guichenot, 1850) ***''

Pleurodeles poireti ''Pleurodeles poireti'', the Edough ribbed newt or Poiret's newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the Edough Massif, in the north east of Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered or ...

'' (Gervais, 1836) ***'' Pleurodeles waltl'' Michahelles, 1830 **Genus ''

Taricha The genus ''Taricha'' consists of four species of highly toxic newts in the family Salamandridae. Their common name is Pacific newts, sometimes also western newts or roughskin newts. The four species within this genus are the California newt, ...

'' - four species ***''

Taricha granulosa The rough-skinned newt or roughskin newt (''Taricha granulosa'') is a North American newt known for the strong toxin exuded from its skin. Appearance A stocky newt with rounded snout, it ranges from light brown to olive or brownish-black on t ...

'' (Skilton, 1849) ***''

Taricha rivularis The red-bellied newt (''Taricha rivularis'') is a newt that is native to coastal woodlands in northern California and is terrestrial for most of its life. Description When full grown, the red-bellied newt measures between from its nose to its ...

'' (Twitty, 1935) ***''

Taricha sierrae The Sierra newt (''Taricha sierrae'') is a newt found west of the Sierra Nevada, from Shasta county to Tulare County, in California, Western North America. Its adult length can range from . Its skin produces a potent toxin. Subspecies The S ...

'' (Twitty, 1942) ***'' Taricha torosa'' (Rathke, 1833) **Genus '' Triturus'' (crested newts) - nine species ***''

Triturus anatolicus The Anatolian crested newt (''Triturus anatolicus'') is a newt species endemic to northern Anatolia in Turkey. Before its description in 2016, it was first considered to belong to the southern crested newt (''Triturus karelinii'') and then the ...

'' Wielstra & Arntzen, 2016 ***''

Triturus carnifex The Italian crested newt (''Triturus carnifex'') is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. Habitat ''Triturus carnifex'' is found in parts of the Balkans and Italy. It is an aquatic breeder that can spend up to four months in the wate ...

'' (Laurenti, 1768) ***''

Triturus cristatus The northern crested newt, great crested newt or warty newt (''Triturus cristatus'') is a newt species native to Great Britain, northern and central continental Europe and parts of Western Siberia. It is a large newt, with females growing up to ...

'' (Laurenti, 1768) ***''

Triturus dobrogicus The Danube crested newt or Danube newt (''Triturus dobrogicus'') is a species of newt found in central and eastern Europe, along the basin of the Danube river and some of its tributaries and in the Dnieper delta. It has a smaller and more slender ...

'' (Kiritzescu, 1768) ***''

Triturus ivanbureschi The Balkan crested newt or Buresch's crested newt (''Triturus ivanbureschi'') is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus ''Triturus'', found in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. It was originally described as a subspecies o ...

'' Arntzen & Wielstra, 2013 ***''

Triturus karelinii The southern crested newt (''Triturus karelinii'') is a terrestrial European newt. It is similar to the northern crested newt (''Triturus cristatus'') except larger and more robust. In 2013, the Balkan-Anatolian crested newt (''Triturus ivanbure ...

'' (Strauch, 1870) ***''

Triturus macedonicus ''Triturus macedonicus'', the Macedonian crested newt, is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus ''Triturus'', found in the Western Balkan peninsula (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia, north-western Greece and sout ...

'' (Karaman, 1922) ***''

Triturus marmoratus The marbled newt (''Triturus marmoratus'') is a mainly terrestrial newt native to western Europe. They are found in the Iberian Peninsula and France, where they typically inhabit mountainous areas. Habitat and distribution The marbled newt is ...

'' (Latreille, 1800) ***''

Triturus pygmaeus The southern marbled newt or pygmy marbled newt (''Triturus pygmaeus'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in Portugal and Spain. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetat ...

'' (Wolterstorff, 1905) **Genus ''

Tylototriton ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newt A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic ...

'' (crocodile newts) - twenty-five species ***''

Tylototriton anguliceps The angular-headed newt (''Tylototriton anguliceps''), also known as angular-headed crocodile newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Its unique orange markings help to distinguish it from ot ...

'' Le, Nguyen, Nishikawa, Nguyen, Pham, Matsui, Bernardes, and Nguyen, 2015 ***'' Tylototriton anhuiensis'' Qian, Sun, Li, Guo, Pan, Kang, Wang, Jiang, Wu, and Zhang, 2017 ***''

Tylototriton asperrimus The black knobby newt (''Tylototriton asperrimus'') is a species of salamanders in the family Salamandridae found in China and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane ...

'' Unterstein, 1930 ***'' Tylototriton broadoridgus'' Shen, Jiang, and Mo, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton dabienicus'' Chen, Wang, and Tao, 2010 ***''

Tylototriton hainanensis The Hainan knobby newt (''Tylototriton hainanensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the island of Hainan, China. It is known from the Wuzhi Mountain Wuzhi Mountain () is the highest mountain in ...

'' Fei, Ye, and Yang, 1984 ***'' Tylototriton himalayanus'' Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel, and Jiang, 2015 ***''

Tylototriton kachinorum ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newts known as crocodile newts or knobby newts. About 36 known species are in this genus. Many species have been described just recently. They range from northeastern India and Nepal through Burma to northern Thaila ...

'' Zaw, Lay, Pawangkhanant, Gorin, and Poyarkov, 2019 ***''

Tylototriton kweichowensis The red-tailed knobby newt or Kweichow (crocodile) newt (''Tylototriton kweichowensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in western Guizhou ("Kweichow" being an old spelling of Guizhou) and north-eastern Yun ...

'' Fang and Chang, 1932 ***''

Tylototriton liuyangensis ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newts known as crocodile newts or knobby newts. About 36 known species are in this genus. Many species have been described just recently. They range from northeastern India and Nepal through Burma to northern Thaila ...

'' Yang, Jiang, Shen, and Fei, 2014 ***''

Tylototriton lizhengchangi ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newts known as crocodile newts or knobby newts. About 36 known species are in this genus. Many species have been described just recently. They range from northeastern India and Nepal through Burma to northern Thaila ...

'' Hou, Zhang, Jiang, Li and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton ngarsuensis'' Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza, Grismer, Murdoch, and Lin, 2018 ***'' Tylototriton notialis'' Stuart, Phimmachak, Sivongxay, and Robichaud, 2010 ***'' Tylototriton panhai'' Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui, 2013 ***''

Tylototriton podichthys ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newts known as crocodile newts or knobby newts. About 36 known species are in this genus. Many species have been described just recently. They range from northeastern India and Nepal through Burma to northern Thaila ...

'' Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2015 ***'' Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus'' Hou, Gu, Zhang, Zeng, and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton shanjing'' Nussbaum, Brodie, and Yang, 1995 ***'' Tylototriton shanorum'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Rao, 2014 ***'' Tylototriton taliangensis'' Liu, 1950 ***'' Tylototriton uyenoi'' Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui, 2013 ***'' Tylototriton verrucosus'' Anderson, 1871 ***'' Tylototriton vietnamensis'' Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen, and Köhler, 2005 ***'' Tylototriton wenxianensis'' Fei, Ye, and Yang, 1984 ***'' Tylototriton yangi'' Hou, Zhang, Zhou, Li, and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton ziegleri'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Nguyen, 2013 *Subfamily Salamandrinae **Genus ''Chioglossa'' - one species ***'' Chioglossa lusitanica'' Bocage, 1864 **Genus ''

Lyciasalamandra ''Lyciasalamandra'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. They are native to southwestern coast of Turkey and nearby Aegean Islands (Greece). As of early 2018, all species in the genus are threatened. The common name Lycian sala ...

'' - seven species ***''

Lyciasalamandra antalyana ''Lyciasalamandra antalyana'', the Anatolia Lycian salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other ...

'' (Başoğlu and Baran, 1976) ***''

Lyciasalamandra atifi ''Lyciasalamandra atifi'', or Atif's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders b ...

'' (Başoğlu, 1967) ***''

Lyciasalamandra billae ''Lyciasalamandra billae'', the bay Lycian salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salama ...

'' (Franzen and Klewen, 1987) ***''

Lyciasalamandra fazilae ''Lyciasalamandra fazilae'', or Fazila's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamande ...

'' (Başoğlu and Atatür, 1975 "1974") ***''

Lyciasalamandra flavimembris ''Lyciasalamandra flavimembris'', the Marmaris Lycian salamander or Marmaris salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Turkey and is found along the southwestern Anatolian coast between Marmaris and Ula ...

'' (Mutz and Steinfartz, 1995) ***''

Lyciasalamandra helverseni ''Lyciasalamandra helverseni'', the Karpathos salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other sal ...

'' (Pieper, 1963) ***''

Lyciasalamandra luschani Luschan's salamander or Lycian salamander (''Lyciasalamandra luschani'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in the southwestern Anatolia in Turkey and adjacent Greece, in the island of Kastellorizo and its sa ...

'' (Steindachner, 1891) **Genus ''Mertensiella'' - one species ***'' Mertensiella caucasica'' (Waga, 1876) **Genus ''

Salamandra ''Salamandra'' is a genus of seven species of salamanders localized in central and southern Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia. List of species References External links Salamandraat Fauna Europaea * Salamandraat Animal Diversity ...

'' (fire salamanders) - seven species ***''

Salamandra algira ''Salamandra'' is a genus of seven species of salamanders localized in central and southern Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia. List of species References External links Salamandraat Fauna Europaea Fauna Europaea is a database of ...

'' Bedriaga, 1883 ***''

Salamandra atra The alpine salamander (''Salamandra atra'') is a black salamander that can be found in the French Alps, and through the mountainous range in Europe. It is a member of the genus ''salamandra''. Their species name, ''atra'', may be derived from th ...

'' Laurenti, 1768 ***''

Salamandra corsica The Corsican fire salamander (''Salamandra corsica'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only on the island of Corsica as an endemic species. In former times, this species was known as a subspecies of the widespread bu ...

'' Savi, 1838 ***''

Salamandra infraimmaculata The Near Eastern fire salamander (''Salamandra infraimmaculata''), in Arabic ''arouss al-ayn'', is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. Its natural habitats are subt ...

'' Martens, 1885 ***'' Salamandra lanzai'' Nascetti, Andreone, Capula, and Bullini, 1988 ***'' Salamandra longirostris'' Joger and Steinfartz, 1994 ***'' Salamandra salamandra'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *Subfamily Salamandrininae **Genus '' Salamandrina''- two species ***'' Salamandrina perspicillata'' (Savi, 1821) ***'' Salamandrina terdigitata'' (Bonnaterre, 1789)

Fossil record

Salamandrids have a substantial fossil record spanning most of the Cenozoic. The oldest known fossils date from the

Thanetian The Thanetian is, in the ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between . The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian Age and followed by the Ypresian Age ( ...

(

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pala ...

), but these, and most other known fossil salamandrids apparently belong to the

crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor ...

. The sole known stem-salamandrid is ''Phosphotriton sigei'', from the Quercy Phosphorites Formation, which apparently dates from the Middle to Late

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...

References

External links

Tree of Life: SalamandridaeLiving Under WorldTylototriton.org
{{Authority control Salamandroidea Amphibian families Taxa named by Georg August Goldfuss