Air Chief Marshal Air chief marshal (Air Chf Mshl or ACM) is a high-ranking air officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by air forces of many Commonwealth of Nations, countries that have historical British i ...

(Ret.) Elang Soerjadi Soerjadarma ( EYD: Suryadi Suryadarma) (6 December 1912 – 16 August 1975) was the

Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces The Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (, known as Panglima TNI) is the professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Directly answerable to the president of Indonesia (the supreme commande ...

from 1959 to 1962 and the

Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force The Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force (, abbreviated KSAU or KASAU) is the highest position in the Indonesian Air Force. The position is held by the four-star Marshal, appointed by and reporting directly to the Commander of the Indonesia ...

from 1946 to 1962.

Biography

Early life

Born with the name Elang Soerjadi Soerjadarma, he was the son of

Raden is a Japanese termRaden.

Banyuwangi Banyuwangi, previously known as Banjoewangi, is a large town and an administrative district (''kecamat5an'') which serves as the capital of Banyuwangi Regency at the far eastern end of the island of Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 106,000 ...

. Elang is a nobility title in the

Keraton Kanoman Kraton Kanoman is a palace in the Indonesian city of Cirebon in West Java. It was founded by Sultan Anom I in 1677. In the outer area of the palace, the ''siti inggil'', are masonry versions of the classic Javanese ''pendopo'' form, as opposed to ...

Cirebon Cirebon (, formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central J ...

, which means

Raden is a Japanese termRaden.

new spelling system to become Raden Suryadi Suryadarma. He had a lineage from the Kanoman Palace, Cirebon. His great-grandfather was Prince Jakaria alias Aryabrata from Kanoman Palace. While his grandfather was Doctor Prince Boi Suryadarma who lived in

Kuningan Kuningan () is a town and district located in eastern West Java, Indonesia, between Cirebon and Tasikmalaya, about 200 km east of Jakarta. It is the administrative center of Kuningan Regency. The district is located east of Mount Cereme/Cirem ...

West Java West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...

, he graduated from the Javanese Doctor's School (

STOVIA The ("school for the training of native physicians") or STOVIA was a medicine school in Batavia, now Indonesia's capital Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DK ...

). Suryadarma had been an since child orphan, when he was left by his biological mother, and his father died when Suryadarma was about four years old. After his parents died, Suryadarma joined his grandfather's family in Batavia.

Education

In 1918, at the age of six, Soerjadi Soerjadarma entered the ELS (''

Europeesche Lagere School Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) was a European elementary school system in what was then the Dutch East Indies during colonial rule. The schools were intended primarily for Europeans. The implementation of basic education at that time was diffe ...

'') a special elementary school for foreign children (European and Chinese), Indonesian children with aristocratic backgrounds or children of officials whose positions can be equated with Europeans. The school was Paul Krugerschool which is now the PSKD (Djakarta Christian School Association), in Kwitang,

Central Jakarta Central Jakarta (, ), abbreviated as Jakpus, is one of the five Cities of Indonesia, administrative cities () and ''de facto'' Capital City of the Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta. It had 902,973 inhabitants according to the 2010 census ...

. In 1926, he completed his education at the ELS, then continued to the Hoogere Burgerschool te Bandoeng (now SMA Negeri 3 Bandung and SMA Negeri 5 Bandung). However, before completing his schooling in the city, he had to move to Batavia and continued his studies at the Koning Willem III School te Batavia, which was completed in 1931. After graduating from KW III School, he was unable to immediately pursue pilot training, because the requirement to become a pilot was to be a military officer first. To become a military officer, he took officer education at the KMA (

Koninklijke Militaire Academie The Royal Military Academy ( or ''KMA'') is the service academy for the Dutch Army, the Dutch Air Force and the Royal Marechaussee. Located in Breda, Southern Netherlands, the KMA has trained future officers since 1828. Description The KMA o ...

Breda Breda ( , , , ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant. ...

the Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

. In September 1931, he enrolled in officer education at KMA Breda. His desire to become a member of the military was not approved by Dr. Boi Suryadarma, his grandfather and adoptive father. After receiving an explanation from Suryadarma, his grandfather accepted Suryadarma becoming a KMA cadet. In September 1934, Soerjadi Soerjadarma graduated from the Breda Military Academy, with the rank of Second Lieutenant, he was assigned to the Dutch Army unit in

Nijmegen Nijmegen ( , ; Nijmeegs: ) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the ninth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border, Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the ...

. One month later, in October, 1934, he was transferred to the 1st Infantry Battalion in

Magelang Magelang () is one of six cities in Central Java, the Central Java Province of Indonesia that are administratively independent of the regencies in which they lie geographically. Each of these cities is governed by a mayor rather than a Subdivi ...

until November 1936.

Pre-independence period

The Aviation School (''Vliegschool'') in Kalijati opened registration for the Netherlands East Indies Army. He initially failed the selection process because he had malaria and was having a relapse. The next year, he applied again, but was rejected because he had not recovered from his malaria. Only on the third occasion, he passed the medical test and began pilot education at the Kalijati Aviation School, in December 1937. He was accepted as a navigator but Suryadarma was said to be a talented aviator but was not able to, because he was a ''

Pribumi Native Indonesians, also known as ''Pribumi'' () are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago and consist of various Ethnic groups in Indonesia, ethnic groups, predominantly of Austronesian people, Austronesian and Melanesi ...

''. In July 1938, he was enrolled in Observer School (''Waarnemerschool''), then in July 1939 he was assigned as a navigator at Glenn Martin 139 bomber group in

Andir Airfield Husein Sastranegara Airport (, Sundanese: ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮄᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮁᮔᮞᮤᮇᮔᮜ᮪ ᮠᮥᮞᮨᮄᮔ᮪ ᮞᮞ᮪ᮒᮢᮔᮨᮌᮛ) is an airport in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. It is located within the city and 2 ...

Bandung Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabay ...

. Suryadarma was appointed as instructor at Pilot and Observer School (''Vlieg en Waarnemerschool''), Kalijati in January 1941. In December 1941 he was reassigned to a bomber unit, ''7e Vliegtuig Afdeling, Reserve Afdeling Bommenwerpers''. During the

Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Allied forces attempted unsuccessfully t ...

that begun in December 1941, he served as Deputy Commander of the ''7e Afdeling'' with the rank of ''Luitenant-Waarnemer''. Suryadarma was involved in air operations in the Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force during World War II. After Dutch defeat in the Battle of Tarakan and subsequent capture of the island and its oil facilities by the Japanese, Dutch forces launched several airstrikes against enemy position in the area. On 13 January 1942, Suryadarma led an unescorted bombing mission of three (other source mentions nine) Glenn Martin to attack Tarakan from their base at Samarinda II Airfield. He served as the navigator and bombardier in a Glenn Martin piloted by ''Luitenant'' S.H. Lukkien. They managed to bomb two Japanese cruisers (other source mentioned only a destroyer), but were later attacked by Japanese

A6M Zero The Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" is a long-range Carrier-based aircraft, carrier-capable fighter aircraft formerly manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It was operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) ...

fighters. The bullets struck the fuel tank on the left wing and wounding Lukkien in the head and thigh. Although seriously injured, Lukkien managed to landed the bomber on the nearest airfield at Manggar, Balikpapan, being the only bomber that managed to return from the mission. For his services, the Dutch Government awarded him The Bronze Cross. Unlike many of his counterpart in the colonial air force who fled to Australia during the Japanese occupation, Suryadarma chose to stayed in the East Indies. Through invitation of Police Commissioner Yusuf, he works as a police officer in the Japanese occupation authorities. Later he was appointed as Head of Administration of Police Headquarters in Bandung until the

proclamation of Indonesian independence The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian Nati ...

on 17 August 1945. Following that declaration, the then police officer joined the

People's Security Agency The People's Security Army () or commonly abbreviated as TKR is the name of the first military force formed by the Indonesian Government, after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. TKR was formed on October 5, 1945, based on an announcemen ...

of the young republic. As a graduate of Dutch aviation studies, he was quick to offer his services to help develop Indonesian aviation.

Independence period

During the

Indonesian Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during p ...

, Suryadarma, as the first

, first as an Air Commodore, and then as an Air Vice Marshal, from his appointment in late 1945, began developing an interest in "aerospace" through the establishment of an

Aeroclub A flying club or aero club is a not-for-profit, member-run organization that provides its members with affordable access to aircraft. Many clubs also provide flight training, flight planning facilities, pilot supplies and associated services, as ...

, with basic military aviation education and training in

Maguwo Adisutjipto Airport or Adisucipto Airport is a minor domestic airport serving the Yogyakarta area on the island of Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the principal international airport serving this area. The airport is located in the Sleman Reg ...

Maospati Maospati is small city (district level) in East Java, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising ov ...

and

Malang Malang (; , ), historically known as Tumapel, is an inland List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari, Singhasari K ...

(radio engineering, radio operators, pilots, paratroops, air supplies and morse code training). Suryadarma realized the importance of paratroopers, given the geographical condition of Indonesia, consisting of thousands of islands, which became the forerunner of the first paratrooper unit in Indonesia, establishing the ''Pasukan Gerak Tjepat'' (PGT) which became the Indonesian Air Force's

Kopasgat The Kopasgat (, Quick Reaction Forces Command) is the air force infantry and special forces corps of the Indonesian Air Force. The corps is also known as the Orange Berets ( in Indonesian) from the colour of their service headgear. Kopasgat is ...

, the oldest special forces unit in Southeast Asia. He was the one who gave the blessing for the first combat paradrop in the country. Suryadarma strongly supported the ideas of Wiweko Supeno and Nurtanio in various experiments on airplanes and helicopter production in Maospati. He along with

Halim Perdanakusuma Air Vice-Marshal Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma (18 November 1922 – 14 December 1947), better known as Halim Perdanakusuma, was an Indonesian airman and List of National Heroes of Indonesia, National Hero of Indonesia. Life Halim Perdanakusu ...

and Wiweko invited foreign transport planes to break through the Dutch air blockade against Indonesia.

Post-independence

From 1950 to 1954, then Air Marshal Suryadarma prioritized the establishment of flight training and education schools with military and civil aviation technical vocational training, by utilizing Dutch experts (former East Indies Air force and Naval aviation) as instructors, lecturers and education quality supervisors, while the Airborne Officers' School employed instructors from the United States Army and Air Force. In 1954 the education instructors were handled by the Air Force officers and non-commissioned officers, for prospective educational instructors who excelled, Suryadarma sent these officers and non-commissioned officers to train with the

Indian Air Force The Indian Air Force (IAF) (ISO 15919, ISO: ) is the air force, air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts. It was officially established on 8 Octob ...

in large numbers to receive additional training in Western aircraft. From 1950 to 1955, he founded Aeroclubs in several provincial capitals. His policies were allowing civilians interested in flying with the Piper Cub L4-J training aircraft, as long as they met the requirements. There were two classes that would fulfill the requirements as Pilot-III (klein brevet), with 60–65 flight hours. The instructors were Air Force pilots and this course was limited to Cililitan (

Halim Halim or Haleem () is an Arabic masculine given name which means gentle, forbearing, mild, patient, understanding, indulgent, slow to anger.Golziher, Ignaz, ''Muslim Studies'', ed. S.M. Stern (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1967), pp. ...

), Andir (Sulaiman,

) and Maguwo ( Adisucipto). Most of the civilian students were young lecturers from universities. Suryadarma initiated publication of the aerospace magazine ''Angkasa'' by the Air Force Information Service in 1950. Now ''Angkasa'' magazine is published and preserved by the

Kompas Gramedia group Kompas Gramedia is a major Indonesian media company. It engages in several businesses, predominantly mass media, as well as hospitality, manufacturing, and event organizing. The company's businesses consist of multiple divisions, such as media ...

under

Jakob Oetama Jakob Oetama (27 September 1931 – 9 September 2020) was an Indonesian teacher, journalist, and businessman who was one of the co-founders and owners of Kompas Gramedia Group, the largest media group in Indonesia, together with P. K. Ojong. He ...

. Suryadarma together with Soetanandika (Chief of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation) initiated the establishment of the Curug Aviation Academy (Aviation School, Air Engineering School, Aviation Traffic School, and Meteorology School) fulfilling

ICAO The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international sch ...

requirements. In the first years, these schools used Air Force instructors, but later replaced by foreign workers on the recommendation of the ICAO and added civilian personnel who met ICAO qualifications He played a role in the negotiations for the takeover of

KNILM Koninklijke Nederlandsch-Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij (in English: Royal Dutch Indies Airways) was the flag carrier of the former Dutch East Indies. Headquartered in Amsterdam, KNILM was ''not'' a subsidiary of the better-known Koninklijke L ...

KLM KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, or simply KLM (an abbreviation for their official name Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. , ),

to become

Garuda Indonesia Airways Garuda Indonesia is the flag carrier of Indonesia, headquartered at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport near Jakarta. A successor of KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf, it is a member of SkyTeam airline alliance and the second-largest airline of Ind ...

(GIA) in the 1950s and the pilots came from the first batch of graduates of the Air Force Aviation Officers School. In addition, Suryadarma also initiated a program for pilots and civil aviation crews becoming officers and non-commissioned officers of the Air Force reserve - a practice adopted from

Aeroflot PJSC AeroflotRussian Airlines (, ), commonly known as Aeroflot ( or ; , , ), is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Russia. Aeroflot is headquartered in the Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, with its hub being Sheremetyevo Interna ...

, whose staff formed part of the reserve of the

Soviet Air Forces The Soviet Air Forces (, VVS SSSR; literally "Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; initialism VVS, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Sovie ...

. Civilians involved in civil aviation were also appointed as officers with a titular rank in the reserves. Suryadarma strongly supported the efforts of Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo to build an aviation industry in Indonesia. In its early stage, the project was named the Institute for Aviation Industry Preparation (LAPIP), which was within the Air Force and Suryadarma as Chief of Staff of the Air Force (later Minister of the Air Force) determined the policies of the agency. LAPIP later changed to the Nurtanio Aircraft Industries Institution (LIPNUR) in 1976 and in 1980 it was changed to the Nusantara Aircraft Industry (IPTN) by future president B.J. Habibie, its long time chairman, it would be the basis for

Indonesian Aerospace Indonesian Aerospace (IAe) (), is an Indonesian aerospace company involved in aircraft design and the development and manufacture of civilian and military regional commuter aircraft, and a subsidiary of state-owned electronics manufacturer . Th ...

. The Chief of Staff thus presided over the manufacture of the first ever aircraft made by Indonesians and funded by Indonesian capital. On 9 March 1960, Suryadi Suryadarma had requested to resign as a form of accountability for the actions of Second Lieutenant Daniel Maukar who opened fire at the Jakarta State Palace with a MiG-17F "Fresco" fighter from the 11th Air Squadron, but the request was rejected by the President

Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...

. On 19 January 1962, Suryadarma was forced to resign from his position as Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force as a result of the

Battle of Arafura Sea The Battle of Arafura Sea (), also known as the Battle of Vlakke Hoek (), was a naval battle in the Vlakke Hoek Bay (Etna Bay) of the Arafura Sea in Western New Guinea on 15 January 1962, between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Background The bat ...

- during the then ongoing

Operation Trikora Operation Trikora () was a combined Soviet– Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Ind ...

- in which Commodore

Yos Sudarso Commodore Yosaphat "Yos" Sudarso (24 November 1925 – 15 January 1962) was an Indonesian naval officer killed at the Battle of Arafura Sea. At the time of his death, Yos Sudarso was deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy and in charge ...

died, as the Indonesian Air Force at was deemed insufficient in providing air protection to the

Indonesian Navy The Indonesian Navy (, TNI-AL) is the Navy, naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol Indonesia's lengthy coastline, to enforce and patrol the territorial waters and Exclus ...

from attacks by

Royal Netherlands Air Force The Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF; , "Royal Air Force") is the military aviation branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. It was created in 1953 to succeed its predecessor, the ''Luchtvaartafdeling'' () of the Dutch Army, which was founded ...

aircraft flying from Papuan bases. His position as Chief of Staff was replaced by Air Marshal Omar Dhani on the same day, effectively retiring after 16 years of service to the air force as the first Air Chief Marshal in Indonesia's military history. Regardless of the outcome, he laid the groundwork for the transformation of the Air Force into a powerful service - by the time he retired the TNI-AU - then AURI - had become one of the strongest in the Asia-Pacific and the world at large, with its fleets of MiG fighters, Soviet built transports and bombers, and a first surface to air missile system for the country - the Soviet produced

S-75 Dvina The S-75 (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude air defence system. It is built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Following its first deployment in 1957 it became one of the ...

- serving alongside Western systems acquired during his long tenure. Under his leadership the Air Force, post-independence, with its aircraft and Kopasgat elements, fought the bitter regional rebellions of the 1950s, and ensured Indonesian air dominance in West Papua against Dutch aviation. On the next day, 20 January 1962, he was appointed as Military Advisor to the President by President Sukarno. In 1966, he was appointed as Minister of Post and Telecommunications in the

Revised Dwikora Cabinet The Revised Dwikora Cabinet () was the Indonesian cabinet which served under President Sukarno from February 1966 to March 1966. The cabinet was formed under an extremely tense political situation, and it was expected that this cabinet would addr ...

. As a tribute to his services, the Indonesian Air Force named Suryadarma Air Base in Kalijati,

Subang Regency Subang Regency (; ) is a regency (''kabupaten'') in West Java province of Indonesia. The Regency is bordered by the Java Sea in the north, Indramayu Regency in the east, Sumedang Regency in the southeast, West Bandung Regency in the south, and ...

, West Java after him. He was also the namesake of a university owned by the Indonesian Air Force, Suryadarma University, in Halim Perdanakusuma,

East Jakarta East Jakarta (; ), abbreviated as Jaktim, is the largest of the five administrative cities (''kota administrasi'') which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia, with a land area of 188.03 km2 (72.6 sq.miles). It had a population ...

. In 2000, in honor of his efforts for the building of the Air Force and of Indonesian aviation in general, he was granted the title ''Father of the Indonesian Air Force''.

Personal life

Suryadi Suryadarma married Utami on 3 June 1938 and had three children: Dra. Awaniduhita Priyanti, Erlangga Suryadarma and Adityawarman Suryadarma. At the age of 63, his health began to decline and he suffered from liver complications. In the second week of August 1975, Suryadarma began to be treated at Husada Hospital,

Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...

. Suryadarma died at 05.45 WIB on Saturday, 16 August 1975. His body was then buried at the funeral home and at the Indonesian Air Force Headquarters, Jalan Gatot Subroto. His funeral was held on 17 August at 13.00 WIB at the Karet Public Cemetery, Jakarta, with a military ceremony led by Air Force Chief of Staff, Air Marshal Saleh Basarah.

Awards

National awards

Star of Mahaputera Adipurna (1st Class) * Bintang Sakti rib

The Sacred Star * Bintang Dharma rib

Military Distinguished Service Star * Bintang Garuda

Garuda Star * Armed Forces Eight Years’ Service Star * Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I

Military Campaign Commemoration Medal I * Satya Lencana GOM I

Military Operations Service Medal I * Satyalencana G

Military Operations Service Medal II * Military Operations Service Medal IV * Military Operations Service Medal V * Satyalencana GOM VII

Military Operations Service Medal VII * Satyalancana Saptamarga

PRRI Military Campaign Medal * Satyalancana Kesetiaan 16 year service

Armed Forces Long Service Medal Armed (May, 1941–1964) was an American Thoroughbred gelding race horse who was the American Horse of the Year in 1947 and Champion Older Male Horse in both 1946 and 1947. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in ...

(3rd Class) * Satyalancana Kesetiaan 8 year service

Armed Forces Long Service Medal (4th Class)

Foreign awards

EGY Order of the Republic - Grand Cordon BAR

Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic *

Order of the White Elephant __NOTOC__ The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (; ) is an order (decoration), order of Thailand. It was established in 1861 by King Mongkut, Rama IV of the Thailand, Kingdom of Siam. Along with the Order of the Crown of Thailand, it is r ...

(2nd Class) *

Order of the Crown of Thailand The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand (; ) is a Thai order, established in 1869 by King Rama V of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) for Thais, the royal family, governmental employees, and foreign dignitaries for their outstanding serv ...

(1st Class) * Order of the National army with laurer wreath Rib

Order of the Yugoslav People's Army (1st Class) * Ribbon bar Bronze Cross

The Bronze Cross of the Netherlands

Footnotes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soerjadarma, Soerjadi 1912 births 1975 deaths People from Banyuwangi Regency Chiefs of staff of the Indonesian Air Force Graduates of the Koninklijke Militaire Academie Royal Netherlands Air Force personnel of World War II Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers Royal Netherlands East Indies Army personnel of World War II Recipients of the Bronze Cross (Netherlands)