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The 2020 table grape harvest was worth $2.12 billion while wine grapes brought in $1.7 billion, down 15.3% year-on-year. By weight this was 17% lower versus 2018. The next year, 2021 saw a much better yield. From viniculturists got for a total harvest of . At an average of they were paid $5,229,902,000 for the season. Of that, were for destined for processing industries (including wine, see below) and at that was worth $4,046,382,000. The fresh (table grape) harvest was and selling at a price of , this sector was worth $1,183,520,000 for the season.

The table grape and wine grape sectors are represented by the and the California Association of Winegrape Growers.

Table production is most concentrated in three counties and somewhat in another two. Dollar value annually is $1,240 million in Kern, $682 in Tulare, $416 in Fresno, and in the top ten crops in Riverside and Madera. California's own consumption of table production grew from 1980 to 2001 from per capita per year. Consumption here and throughout the country is so high that the country remains a net importer despite this state's production, which reached in the 2015 table harvest.

During dormancy, UC IPM recommends pruning. UC IPM publishes recommendations for this and other tasks during dormancy. Although thinning is often proven to improve wine qualities in many areas, some reviewers note a lack of benefit in thinning table grapes in this state's vineyards.

Deyett ''et al.'', 2020 finds Proteobacteria are the most common components of the microbiomes of this crop in this state's soils.

This crop has also played a large part in farm labor relations in the state. The Delano grape strike began among table grape workers before spreading to other industries. See .

Diseases of grape

Disease information is provided by UC IPM.

''Xylella fastidiosa'' was first discovered here in 1892 when Newton B. Pierce found Pierce's Disease in Los Angeles. Today it costs the state an estimated $100m per year. Because ''Vitis'' species native to the USA are tolerant to PD while the introduced European ''V. vinifera'' is very susceptible, Hewitt 1958 posited the Gulf Coastal Plain as the center of origin for the pathogen. However Nunney et al., 2010 demonstrates that the PD population of the USA is originally in Central America. Sisterson ''et al.'' 2020 finds that the southern San Joaquin Valley rarely has any ''X. fastidiosa'' prior to July. This suggests an entirely Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter vectored problem that has no (or very little) overwintering capacity. Consistent with this they also found that neonicotinoid applications tended to reduce PD incidence. See also , and for a treatment see .

Al Rwahnih ''et al.'', 2015 finds widespread Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) among raisin and table accessions of propagation material in California. The virus population here has an unusually low amount of genetic diversity. Although not known outside of North America, Al Rwahnih ''et al.'' does find this virus in California material originating outside North America. See .

UCD's FPS performs disease testing, vinestock identification testing, and supplies vinestock. FPS is one of the few National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) members holding vinestock for grapes in the country. See also .

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has a good opinion of the state's phytosanitary certification system. As a result, CFIA's Plant Protection Division has approved California plant material for import.

Hoffman ''et al.'', 2011 surveys the Lodi AVA and finds that growers themselves (including those who also work as educators for other growers) are most central to the spread of management information. Those who are not themselves growers, but are full time educators, are less connected to the actual spread of information.

(''Uncinula necator'') is another costly disease here. PM cost the industry $239 million in 2015, including losses and treatment costs, according to the estimate of Sambucci ''et al.'', 2019. For decades both the programs of USDA ARS and have prioritized breeding for resistance to this disease.

Afflictions in grapevine around the world are often treated by removal and replanting, and this is often used in this state's industry. Regrowth is slow and replant disease often results from this. Westphal ''et al.'', 2002 finds that regrowth is hampered by the soil microbiome in California's soils. They apply a supplemental plant growth-promiting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatment using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and achieve quicker productivity recovery. This is one of the few studies in this technique and this area is understudied.

It is speculated that drought stress will increase fungal pathogen geographic range in the future around the world, but in this state this has already been observed.

Although famous for its devastation of strawberry gray mold affects table grape as well. Karabulut ''et al.'', 2003 finds it is an especially large part of post-harvest losses. They also describe common treatments and make recommendations See and for a treatment see .

s are common in California. They are not caused by any one pathogen but are united by their similar symptomology in this part of the grape plant.

diseases are common trunk diseases. In the southern parts of the state, a Botryosphaeria Dieback caused by '' Lasiodiplodia theobromae'' is almost always the only trunk disease in this crop.

is another common trunk dieback here, caused by . It was first found here by English ''et al.'', 1962 a few years after its discovery elsewhere. Travadon ''et al.'', 2011 finds that ''E. lata'' is an entirely or almost entirely sexual population here but asexual reproduction may be a rare occurrence.

This review cites this research.

''E. lata'' populations in California are shared between three hosts, this one, apricot and willow (''Salix'' spp.). Travadon ''et al.'' 2015 finds high gene flow and an absence of differentiating alleles between populations on these hosts. (See also .) Additionally they find no differentiation by geography.

This review cites this research.

' (the California Dagger Nematode, or just Dagger Nematode) is a common disease here. Although first discovered in this state it has spread throughout the world's vineyards.

(Measles, Spanish Measles, Black Measles) is a basidiomycete disease caused by several species of the '' Fomitiporia''. It is a common cause of economic loss in the state. Vasquez 2007 assessed losses for all afflictions called "Esca" in the state's vineyards.

(GPGV) was imported in infected ' Touriga National' in 1981 and maintained at UCD, but no epidemic has ever been documented from that contamination. The California epidemic began decades later. Al Rwahnih 2018 documents an active epidemic in the Napa Valley AVA and finds wide variation in occurrence per variety, from 8.7 to 100%.

Pests of grape

For insect pests see (GWSS) and (BGSS).

The arrival of the European Grapevine Moth (EGVM) in Napa County in 2009 brought together local, state and federal agricultural officials, scientists in California universities, and the wine, table and raisin industries. Together they brought about an eradication by 2015 and the effort was declared a success in August 2016.

There is ongoing concern that it will invade again. Gutierrez ''et al.'', 2012 finds that climate change has increased its potential invasive range on this crop in the time since its eradication, and will continue to do so. See .

Some vertebrate pests are also significant and UC IPM has management recommendations for them:
* Birds
* California Ground Squirrels ('' Otospermophilus beecheyi'')
* Deer
* Pocket Gophers
* Rabbits
* Voles,
** especially the ('' Microtus californicus'')
** Meadow Voles ('' Microtus drummondii'')
** Meadow Mice ('' Microtus pennsylvanicus'')

Delayed-dormancy in table grape varieties is February in the San Joaquin Valley and December to January in the Coachella Valley. UC IPM provides sampling techniques and management information for delayed-dormancy in table grape.

Budbreak is in March in the SJV and January to February in the Coachella Valley for common table varieties. UC IPM provides monitoring and treatment information for budbreak.

The rapid shoot growth phase is March to May in the San Joaquin Valley and February to May in the Coachella Valley. UC IPM recommends looking for spider mites and their natural enemies at this time. See .

During postharvest in the SJV, table grape growers should monitor for (''Parthenolecanium corni''). UC IPM provides information on this and other pests of postharvest in table grape. They recommend some parasitoids for biological control including ''Aphytis'' spp., '' Coccophagus'' spp., '' Encarsia'' spp., and '' Metaphycus luteolus''.

Its anticipated damage to this crop was one of the major reasons for the passage of the LBAM Act of 2007. Despite expectations, this crop was not sufficiently impacted to justify the cost and controversy involved and the action is regarded as a failure. See .

The ('' Harrisina metallica'', syn. ''H. brillians'') is a native pest of this crop. The parasitoids ' and ' were imported in the 1950s but without success. However ''A. misella'' was found in the 1990s to be a vector of a granulovirus of this pest. cites WGS is multivoline, trivoltine in the Central Valley and bivoltine on the coasts because temperatures are lower.

The ('' Planococcus ficus'') (Signoret (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)) is a pest introduced in the early 1990s. It has spread quickly, impacting vine culture due to its phloem-feeding habit and because it is a vector of GLRaV. See also .

Thrips are a minor concern in wine and raisin but are significant pests in table varieties. This includes ('' Drepanothrips reuteri'') and Western Flower Thrips. The scarring that they cause defaces the appearance of table grapes. Grape Thrips in Salvador is especially problematic. See .

Five species of are significant in this crop: s ('' Linepithema humile''), s ('' Formica aerata'', '' Formica perpilosa''), (''Tetramorium caespitum''), ('' Solenopsis xyloni'') and ('' Solenopsis molesta'').

The Black Vine Weevil is mostly a pest of the Central Coast AVA but does rarely occur elsewhere. Treatment is possible but is usually not employed. See .

('' Argyrotaenia franciscana'') is a native pest of this crop. It is endemic to this state and Oregon and Washington. UC IPM recommends restricting use of insecticides to control Orange Tortrix because many natural biological controls are present in the state.

' mealybugs are common pests in California's vineyards. They have become an increasing problem in the first half of the 2010s. Three species are present: ('' P. maritimus''), ('' P. longispinus'') and ('' P. viburni'').

Phylloxera of Grape is a common aphid in California with multiple subpopulations derived from multiple foreign points of origin producing multiple invasions. The rootstock AxR#1 was formerly used due to its resistance but this has since collapsed and been replaced by other rootstocks. This phylloxera has since that time adapted to these various rootstocks. Corrie et al., 2002, Lin et al., 2006, Vorwerk & Forneck, 2006 develop microsatellite markers to track these multiple invasions and their adaptation. See and .

Breeding of grape

This state has the largest breeding program for table grape in the country. The next largest is at the University of Arkansas, and that was started in part from varieties developed here. Many widely used table varieties have been developed here, such as '' and ' Red Globe' from Harold Olmo at UCD, and the ' Flame Seedless' in 1973 and '' in 1994 by the USDA program in Fresno.

Although there is some resistance to Pierce's Disease in some ''Vitis vinifera'' varieties, none is immune none will be productive and all will die. The Walker group at UC Davis has discovered several monogenic and polygenic PD resistances in several other ''Vitis'' spp. A few years later in December 2019, their , , , , and were plant patented and released for licensing.

was a very popular rootstock here until the 1980s for its protection against grape phylloxera. Since the collapse of AxR#1's phylloxera resistance it has been replaced by a wide diversity of rootstocks.

This review cites this research.

See also .

Fuller ''et al.'', 2014 finds (''Erysiphe necator'') is so valuable in the state's AVAs and the technique of blending has so improved that PM-resistant type are becoming increasingly adopted, despite their history of consumer rejection due to off flavors. Riaz ''et al.'', 2011 finds 2 major PM resistance loci on chromosome 18 in many of California's grape strains, and .
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:This research is cited by this review.
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Ramming ''et al.'', 2011 find that in the San Joaquin Valley's table/''E. necator'' and raisin/''E. necator'' pathosystems almost all resistance is explained by ''Ren4''.
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:This review cites this research.
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Fuller ''et al.'' 2014 also find that widespread adoption of such varieties would save growers as much as $48 million/year in California's table, raisin and Central Coast Chardonnay vineyards alone.

Table and raisin production are associated with higher temperature areas of the state.

The is located in Parlier. SJVASC produces varieties of table and raisin, including the Thomcord. Many of the state's table and raisin varieties have been produced using embryo rescue. The Ramming group in Parlier has been the source of many of these varieties since the 1980s. Their work includes incorporating wild North American '' V. arizonica'' and '' V. candicans'' into seedless raisin and table varieties.

UCD ceased releasing wine varieties in the 1980s. Then in 2019 they released 5 with high PD resistance to combat a problem which costs California grape growers over $100 million per year. This breeding program did not end with the release of these 5 and additional varieties continue to be released.

Intensive selective breeding has been ongoing in California since the 1950s for seedlessness in raisin and table. Much of the world's seedless varieties originate in this state's breeding efforts.

Aradhya ''et al.'', 2003 finds that California's accessions of germplasm originates from a single original gene pool. Aradhya finds that from this original gene pool there has been very active selective breeding primarily by cuttings.

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These reviews cite this research.

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Riaz ''et al.'', 2009 introgress PD resistance from into some of the state's susceptible varieties, and provide SSR markers for them. They introgressed 2 resistance alleles from '' V. arizonica'' that ''V. vinifera'' does not have. Accessions and are the sources of and respectively. Riaz also provide markers for marker-assisted breeding with these alleles.

This review cites this research.

Bowers ''et al.'', 1999 develops some of the foundational microsatellite markers for breeding of California Pinot noirs and Cabernet Sauvignons.

This book cites this research.

This ''et al.'', 2004 produces a set of standard references for molecular breeding of varieties used here. This develops a standard of microsatellites for California's most common vinestock and rootstock varieties to aid identification in breeding programs.

This review cites this research.

Roger's Red is an ornamental grape selected from a wild vine near Healdsburg. Initially the discoverer – Raiche of the University of California Botanical Garden Native Plant Collection – designated it a color variant of the native '' V. californica''. This was doubted by many nurseries however and Dangl ''et al.'', 2010 finds it is a hybrid of ''V. californica'' × ''V. vinifera'' cv. Alicante Bouschet.

This book cites this research.

Vignani ''et al.'' 1996 demonstrates that several cultivars long grown in California, and thought to be local innovations, are instead clones of several Italian varieties.

This book cites this research.

Petite Sirah is a popular variety in this state. Meredith ''et al.'', 1999 determines that almost all California Petite Sirah is genetically identical to Durif.

This book cites this research.

Table and raisin varieties used here come from a very narrow base. Genetic testing by Bourisquot et al., 1995 find that because they are almost always seedless they are frequently directly derived from Kishmish. Bourisquot also find that about 1/3 of the state's table and raisin varieties are not derived as their pedigrees state.

This book cites this research.

Genetic engineering of grape

Up to around 2004 there was little understanding of what non-''Vitis'' genes might provide immunity in grape, and would make good transgenes. several candidate genes have been identified, several have been transferred, and some even produce immune factors that cross the graft union and so can be rootstock-only. Proven transgenes include (the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from ''Pyrus communis'' L. cv 'Bartlett', identified by Stotz ''et al.'' at UCD) employed in a large number of transformations at several labs at UCD, (a protein chimera of pGIP and cecropin B) and (another cecropin B chimera) from Dandekar ''et al.'' at UCD and Los Alamos, from the Kirkpatrick lab at UCD, an (catalyzing the disease's synthesis of its diffusible signal factors) from Lindow ''et al.'' at UC Berkeley, and programmed cell death inhibitors from the Gilchrist lab at UCD. (See .)

Treatments in grape

Zakowski & Mace 2022 finds heavy use of fungicides for cosmetic reasons in the state's table grape industry. Pruning produces wounds which may admit pathogens into the trunk of the vine. Brown ''et al.'', 2021 finds that pyraclostrobin continues to have good efficacy against populations in California. cites See and .

The has been very successful since the early 2000s in monitoring and reducing the deadly disease and vector combination of PD and GWSS. It is located in southeast Kern County and involves both trapping and roguing of infected vines. The infestation in Kern has been managed well with a combination of symptomology, molecular surveillance and quantitative vector surveys. The campaign in Kern is a good model for the whole world's efforts against this threat, and for farmer funded voluntary management programs in general.This review cites this research See and .

Prior to the 2000s there were no selective insecticides available for the most important pests of table grape. There was one – phosalone – which was banned in the state in 1988. Since then baits made of carbaryl have been formulated which act selectively and are used for cutworm in table grape, and ' is used selectively for and .

was a vital chemical for this crop until 2019 especially for the Vine Mealybug. In 2019 the state Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) determined that it was necessary to withdraw virtually all chlorpyrifos registrations. Since then this has imposed a negative economic impact on the industry both due to higher costs for substitute treatments and due to control failures. See .

Cover crops are used to produce several different kinds of pest and weed control. Ground cover may enhance spider pest control of herbivorous insects. Costello & Daane 1998 finds that ground cover in table grape increases '' Trachelas pacificus'' abundance but decreases '' Hololena nedra''. Over all they find that this method is of limited effectiveness in table vineyards.This study is cited by these reviews:
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* UC IPM recommends considering the impact of a pesticide application on natural enemies and honey bees before applying to table vineyards.

Crab shell chitosan reduces postharvest Gray Mold in table grape in Fresno county. Romanazzi ''et al.'', 2009 tests table stock from several varieties commonly grown around Fresno and an isolate from USDA ARS in Parlier, Fresno county. By dissolving the shell material in an acid they achieve control of postharvest Gray Mold by inducing a defense prior to the fungus's invasion. Pichyangkuraa & Chadchawanb 2015 believe this to be applicable to viticulture around the world.This review cites this research

Karabulut ''et al.'', 2003 finds that many postharvest pathogen isolates in California's vineyards are well controlled by a yeast, '' Metschnikowia fructicola'', applied as a spray shortly before harvest.

This study

is cited by these reviews:
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Research in grape

Table grape growers are charged an assessment statewide for research and treatment for PD and GWSS. For the fiscal year 2009–2010 this contributed $735,000, almost all coming from the southern San Joaquin Valley. See , and .

California's oenological research is highly respected around the world. This especially includes UC Davis's oenology programs.

References

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