Sudines (or Soudines) (Greek: Σουδίνες) (

fl. ''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...

c. 240 BC):

Babylonia Babylonia (; Akkadian: , ''māt Akkadī'') was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria). It emerged as an Amorite-ruled state ...

n sage. He is mentioned as one of the famous

Chaldea Chaldea () was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BCE, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Semitic-speaking, it was ...

n mathematicians and

astronomer An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either o ...

- astrologers by later Roman writers like Strabo (''Geographia'' 16:1–6).

Biography

Like his predecessor

Berossos Berossus () or Berosus (; grc, Βηρωσσος, Bērōssos; possibly derived from akk, , romanized: , " Bel is his shepherd") was a Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer, a priest of Bel Marduk and astronomer who wrote in the Koine Greek languag ...

, Sudines moved from Babylonia and established himself among the

Greeks The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Greek Cypriots, Cyprus, Greeks in Albania, Albania, Greeks in Italy, ...

; he was an advisor to King

Attalus I Attalus I ( grc, Ἄτταλος Α΄), surnamed ''Soter'' ( el, , "Savior"; 269–197 BC) ruled Pergamon, an Ionian Greek polis (what is now Bergama, Turkey), first as dynast, later as king, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the first ...

(Attalos Soter) of

Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum ( or ; grc-gre, Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (), was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Mysia. It is located from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on th ...

. He is said (e.g., by Roman astronomer/astrologer Vettius Valens) to have published tables to compute the

motion In physics, motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position with respect to time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed and frame of reference to an observer and mea ...

of the

Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width ...

; said to have been used by the Greeks, until superseded by the work of

Hipparchus Hipparchus (; el, Ἵππαρχος, ''Hipparkhos''; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He is considered the founder of trigonometry, but is most famous for his incidental discovery of the precession of the equ ...

and later by

Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of import ...

(Claudius Ptolemaios). Sudines may have been important in transmitting the astronomical knowledge of the Babylonians to the Greeks, but little is known about his work and nothing about his life. He is also said to have been one of the first to assign astrological meaning to gemstones.

Identity

While other Chaldean astronomers have been tentatively identified in the cuneiform record, no Akkadian texts have yet been unearthed that reference Sudines. Stevens suggest that his name, however, looks Akkadian, with attestations of similar names like Šum(a)-iddin "He gave the name" or Šum(a)-iddina "He gave me a name" in the cuneiform record from the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods. The 2nd century CE Greek author

Polyaenus Polyaenus or Polyenus ( ; see ae (æ) vs. e; grc-gre, Πoλύαινoς, Polyainos, "much-praised") was a 2nd-century CE Greek author, known best for his ''Stratagems in War'' ( grc-gre, Στρατηγήματα, Strategemata), which has been pr ...

mentions an extispicer named Sudines, a job that this Sudines supposedly performed for King Attalus I of Pergamon, lending credence to the association between the astronomer Sudines and the attested diviner. However, while practitioners of astronomical science in Babylonia frequently also worked with astrological methods of celestial divination, the combination of astronomer and liver omen reader is rare, suggesting that Polyaenus' and King Attalus' Sudines is potentially different from the astronomer Sudines. Given the wide array of knowledge assigned to and associated with people named Sudines, it is unclear whether they all refer to the same person. The lack of biographical information about Sudines only adds to this difficulty.

Astronomy

Sudines is associated with computations for predicting lunar eclipses, with authors such as

Vettius Valens Vettius Valens (120 – c. 175) was a 2nd-century Hellenistic astrologer, a somewhat younger contemporary of Claudius Ptolemy. Valens' major work is the ''Anthology'' ( la, Anthologia), ten volumes in Greek written roughly within the period 150 ...

claiming that he used Sudines to compute lunar eclipses. The "use" of Sudines in Valens' ''Anthologies'' suggests that he was perhaps the author of a table of data relating to lunar eclipses, recording the dates, times, or circumstances of previous ones that later authors could use to inform their theories. Such tables are attested in the cuneiform record, where observations of lunar eclipses were recorded for the greater part of the first millennium BCE and tables made of both observed and predicted eclipses. While no table authored by Sudines has been found or is mentioned in other sources, the abundance of Babylonian tables that have survived suggests that they were an integral component of astronomical practice in this Mesopotamian culture. As a Babylonian, it is not unlikely that Sudines collaborated in the construction of astronomical tables. Moreover, other astronomers listed alongside Sudines have astronomical tables attributed to them that are not extant. Hipparchus, a foundational figure in Greek astronomy whose work became the basis for Ptolemy's ''Almagest'', is credited as authoring a solar table that has not survived and has been the topic of much speculation. Sudines is also credited with a particular value for the length of the

solar year A tropical year or solar year (or tropical period) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the sky of a celestial body of the Solar System such as the Earth, completing a full cycle of seasons; for example, the time ...

. Neugebauer lists Sudines' solar year length as 365 1/4 γ' ε', which Rochberg interprets as 365 + 1/4 + 1/3 + 1/5, a value that she describes as making no astronomical sense. Valens references Sudines as a table author immediately after describing various values of year lengths, including two attributed separately to the Chaldeans and the Babylonians (''Anthologies'' 9.12). Neither the Chaldean year length of 365 1/4 1/207 nor the Babylonian year length of 365 1/4 1/144 agrees with Sudines' value. In a 3rd century CE papyrus fragment containing a summary of a commentary on

Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institutio ...

's ''Timaeus'', the Stoic philosopher

Posidonius Posidonius (; grc-gre, wikt:Ποσειδώνιος, Ποσειδώνιος , "of Poseidon") "of Apamea (Syria), Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (), was a Greeks, Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geog ...

is listed as crediting Sudines with describing the planet Venus as the destroyer of women. Identifying planets as "destroyers" fits in to a larger discussion of the influences and Aristotelian qualities of the five planets, the sun, and the moon. Sudines' alleged participation in astrological as well as astronomical work fits in with Babylonian standards that did not explicitly differentiate between the two fields.

References in Classical Sources

Sudines is referenced in Greek and Latin texts as an expert on three topics: astrological knowledge, liver divination ( hepatoscopy), and properties of stones and gems. Often he is listed alongside other known Babylonian astronomers. In addition to Sudines, Vettius Valens lists

Kidenas Kidinnu (also ''Kidunnu''; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him Kidenas, Pliny the Elder Cidenas, and Vettius Valens Kidynas. Some cuneiform ...

, a Babylonian astronomer known from other references in Greek sources as well as the colophons of some Babylonian ephemerides. Valens also references Greek astronomers Hipparchus and Apollinarius who are both known to have iterated over Babylonian arithmetic methods and to have used Babylonian parameters and observations as integral parts of their astronomical theories. In addition to the sources listed below, Stevens points to a reference to Σωδίνων from a list of canonographers from a Vatican ''Aratea'' manuscript (Vat gr. 381).

Vettius Valens

Ἔδοξεν οῦν μοι χρῆσθαι Ἱππάρχῳ μέν πρός τόν Ἥλιον, Σουδίνῃ δέ καὶ Ἀπολλωνίῳ πρός τήν Σελήνην, ἔτι δέ καὶ Ἀπολλιναρίῳ πρός ἀμφότερα τά ἔιδη (Vettius Valens ''Anthologies'' 9.12) "I thought it best to use Hipparchus for the sun, Sudines, Kidenas, and Apollonius for the moon, in addition to Apollinarius for both bodies."

Strabo

ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῶν Χαλδαίων τῶν ἀστρονομικῶν γένη πλείω: καὶ γὰρ Ὀρχηνοί τινες προσαγορεύονται καὶ Βορσιππηνοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ὡς ἂν κατὰ αἱρέσεις ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα νέμοντες περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν δόγματα. μέμνηνται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐνίων οἱ μαθηματικοί, καθάπερ Κιδήνα τε καὶ Ναβουριανοῦ καὶ Σουδίνου: καὶ Σέλευκος δ᾽ ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς Σελευκείας Χαλδαῖός ἐστι καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ἀξιόλογοι ἄνδρες.(Strabo '' Geographia'' 16.1.6) "There are many kinds of Chaldaean astronomers: Some are called Orcheni and Borsippeni and many others, as if divided into sects, who dispense different opinions on the same subjects. The mathematicians make mention of some of these men, such as Kidenas and Nabourianos and Sudines. And Seleucus from Seleuceia is a Chaldaean, and more remarkable men.”

Pliny the Elder

''Nec in Acarnania ante laudati reperiuntur, enormes et fere coloris marmorei. meliores circa Actium, sed et hi parvi, et in Mauretaniae maritimis. Alexander polyhistor et Sudines senescere eos putant coloremque expirare.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' IX.56) "And there are not found in Acarnania the formerly celebrated pearls of an exceptional size and almost a marble colour. Better ones are found round Actium, but these too are small, and in sea-board Mauretania. Alexander the Encyclopaedist and Sudines think that they grow old and let their colour evaporate." ''Onychem in Arabiae tantum montibus nec usquam aliubi nasci putavere nostri veteres, Sudines in Carmania.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' XXXVI.12) "Onyx marble was supposed by our old authorities to occur in the mountains of Arabia and nowhere else. Sudines, however, thought that it occurred in Carmania." ''hoc mirum quod Xenocrates Ephesius tradit, aratro in Asia et Cypro excitari; non enim reperiri in terreno nec nisi inter cautes creditum fuerat. similius veri est, quod idem Xenocrates tradit, et torrentibus saepe deportari. Sudines negat nisi ad meridiem spectantibus locis nasci.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' XXXVII.9) "The surprising remark is made by Xenocrates of Ephesus that in Asia Minor and Cyprus rock-crystal is turned up by the plough, for previously it was not thought to occur in soil, but only amidst rocks. A more plausible statement is made by the same Xenocrates is that it is also often carried down by torrents. Sudines maintains that it occurs only in places that face south." ''Demostratus lyncurium vocat et fieri ex urina lyncum bestiarum, e maribus fulvum et igneum, e feminis languidius atque candidum; alios id dicere langurium et esse in Italia bestias languros. Zenothemis langas vocat easdem et circa Padum iis vitam adsignat, Sudines arborem, quae gignat in Liguria, vocari lynca. in eadem sententia et Metrodorus fuit'' (

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ...

'' Historia Naturalis'' XXXVII.34-35) "Demonstratus calls amber ‘lyncurium,’ or ‘lynx-urine,’ and alleges that it is formed of the urine of the wild beasts known as lyxnes, the males producing the kind that is tawny and fiery in colour, and the females, that which is fainter and light in colour. According to him, others call it ‘langurium’ and state that the beasts, which live in Italy, are ‘languri.’ Zenothemis calls the same beasts ‘langes’ and assigns them a habitat on the banks of the Po, while Sudines writes that a tree which produces amber in Liguria is called ‘lynx.’" ''Sudines dicit in gemma esse candorem unguis humani similitudine, item chrysolithi colorem et sardae et iaspidis, Zenothemis Indicam onychem plures habere varietates, igneam, nigram, corneam, cingentibus candidis venis oculi modo, intervenientibus quarundam et obliquis venis.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' XXXVII.24) "Sudines states that in onyx one finds a white band resembling a human fingernail, as well as the colour of the 'chrysolith,' the sard and the iaspis, while Zenothemis mentions that the Indian onyx has several different colours, fiery red, black and that of horn, surrounded by a white layer as in an eye, and in some cases traversed by a slanting layer." ''India et has generat et nilion, fulgore ab ea distantem brevi et, cum intueare, fallaci. Sudines dicit et in Sibero Atticae flumine nasci.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' XXXVII.35) "India produces not only these stones, but also the 'nilios,' which differs from the 'chrysoprasus' in showing a weak lustre and one that is elusive when it is looked at closely. Sudines states that it is found also in the Siberus, a river in Attica." ''Astolon Sudines dicit oculis piscium similem esse, radiare fulgore candido ut solem.'' (''Historia Naturalis'' XXXVII.50) "The 'astolos' according to Sudines, resembles the eye of a fish and sheds brilliant white beams like the sun."

References

* F Cumont, ''Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans'' (1912), esp. p. 63. * F X Kugler, ''Die Babylonische Mondrechnung'' ("Babylonian lunar computation"), (Freiburg- im-Breisgau, 1900). * A Pannekoek, ''A History of Astronomy'' (Amsterdam 1951, New York 1961), esp. p. 81. {{reflist, refs= {{citation , last1 = Stevens, first1 = Kathryn , doi = 10.1017/9781108303552 , publisher = Cambridge University Press , series = Cambridge Classical Studies , title = Between Greece and Babylonia: Hellenistic Intellectual History in Cross-Cultural Perspective , year = 2019 {{citation , last1 = Riley, first1 = Mark , url = https://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/rileymt/Vettius%20Valens%20entire.pdf , title = Vettius Valens' Anthologies , year = 1990s {{citation , last1 = Pliny the Elder , doi = 10.4159/DLCL.pliny_elder-natural_history.1938 , title = Natural History, Volume X: Books 36-37 , publisher = Harvard University Press , series = Loeb Classical Library , translator = D. E. Eichholz , year = 1962 {{citation , last1 = Pliny the Elder , title = Natural History, Books 1-11 , series = Perseus Project , translator = Henry T. Riley and John Bostock , year = 1855 {{citation , last1 = Pliny the Elder , title = Natural History, Books 12-37 , series = Perseus Project , translator = Henry T. Riley and John Bostock , year = 1855 {{citation , last1=Neugebauer , first1=Otto , publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg , isbn = 9783642619106 , title = A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , year = 1975 {{citation , last1=Neugebauer , first1=Otto , publisher = Lund Humphries , title = Astronomical Cuneiform Texts , year = 1955 {{citation , last1=Rochberg , first1=Francesca , publisher = Brill , title = In the Path of the Moon: Babylonian Celestial Divination and Its Legacy , year = 2010 {{cite journal , last1=Steele , first1=J.M. , last2=Stephenson , first2=F.R. , title=Lunar Eclipse Times Predicted by the Babylonians , journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy , volume=28 , issue=2 , date=1997 , pages=119–131, doi=10.1177/002182869702800203 , s2cid=125603853 {{cite journal , last1=Jones , first1=Alexander , title=Ptolemy's First Commentator , journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , volume=80 , issue=7 , date=1990 , pages=i–61 {{cite journal , last1=Jones , first1=Alexander , title=Hipparchus's Computations of Solar Longitudes , journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy , volume=22 , issue=2 , date=1991 , pages=101-125 Babylonian astronomers 3rd-century BC mathematicians Chaldea