Submaximal performance testing is a way of estimating either VO₂ max or "aerobic fitness" in

sports medicine Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Although most sports teams have employed team physicians for many years, it is only since th ...

. The test protocols do not reach the maximum of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Submaximal tests are used because maximal tests can be dangerous in individuals who are not considered normal healthy subjects and for elite athletes maximal tests would disrupt training load balance. First submaximal cycle test was developed by Åstrand and Ryhming in 1954, and is called Åstrand test. Other well-known submaximal cycle test is known as Physical Work Capacity (PWC 170) test. One of the first submaximal running test is well-known

Cooper test The cooper test which was designed by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for US military use is a physical fitness test. In its original form, the point of the test is to run as far as possible within 12 minutes. Pacing is important, as the participant w ...

developed by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968.{{Cite web, url=http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/fitnessevalandassessment/a/12MinRun.htm, title = Cooper Test: A 12-Minute Run to Check Aerobic Fitness

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