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The Subaru 1000 is a car produced by the Japanese company
Fuji Heavy Industries , formerly , is a Japanese multinational corporation and conglomerate primarily involved in both terrestrial and aerospace transportation manufacturing. It is best known for its line of Subaru automobiles. Founded in 1953, the company was named ...
from 1966 to 1969, and until 1972 as the FF-1 (also sold as the Subaru Star). It was the first front-engine, front-wheel drive Subaru, and also the first Subaru in the Japanese government "compact car" classification. Previous Subaru models such as the
Subaru 360 The Subaru 360 is a rear-engined, two-door city car manufactured and marketed by Subaru from 1958 to 1971. As the company's first mass-produced automobile, production reached 392,000 over its 12-year model run. Noted for its small overall size, ...
and the Sambar had been rear-engined, rear-wheel drive
kei car Kei car is the smallest category of Japanese expressway-legal motor vehicles. The term ''kei'' is a shortening of , (kanji: ), which translates to English as "light vehicle" (). With restricted dimensions and engine specifications, owners ...
s. It was the first production Subaru to use a
boxer Boxer most commonly refers to: *Boxer (boxing), a competitor in the sport of boxing * Boxer (dog), a breed of dog Boxer or boxers may also refer to: Animal kingdom * Boxer crab * Boxer shrimp, a small group of decapod crustaceans * Boxer snipe ee ...
engine, and one of Japan's first front wheel drive cars.


History


Prototype Subaru A-5

In 1962, Subaru management decided to introduce a successor to the prototype
Subaru 1500 The Subaru 1500 is the first car built by Fuji Heavy Industries, with the development code-name of P1. The prototype used a monocoque body structure and adopting the " ponton" style appearance, with an independent front wishbone suspension and ...
with a code name A-5. The engine was technologically advanced for the time; the experimental EA51X was a
Otto cycle An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines. The Otto cycle is a description of what happ ...
,
overhead camshaft An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustio ...
, air-cooled, horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine displacing 980 cc driving the front wheels in a compact car platform. It was to have a
double wishbone Double, The Double or Dubble may refer to: Mathematics and computing * Multiplication by 2 * Double precision, a floating-point representation of numbers that is typically 64 bits in length * A double number of the form x+yj, where j^2=+1 * A ...
front suspension. Due to FHI's limited resources, the car was not produced. The Subaru 360 was selling only in Japan at the time but Subaru wanted a car that could comfortably carry four passengers without a cramped compartment, that was an alternative to rear wheel drive competitors
Toyota Corolla The is a series of compact cars (formerly Subcompact car, subcompact) manufactured and marketed globally by the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Introduced in 1966, the Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has bee ...
,
Nissan Sunny The is an automobile built by the Japanese automaker Nissan from 1966 till 2004. In the early 1980s, the brand changed from Datsun to Nissan in line with other models by the company. Although production of the Sunny in Japan ended in 2004, the ...
,
Mazda Familia The , also marketed prominently as the Mazda 323, Mazda Protegé and Mazda Allegro, is a small family car that was manufactured by Mazda between 1963 and 2003. The Familia line was replaced by the Mazda3/Axela for 2004. It was marketed as the '' ...
,
Hino Contessa The Hino Contessa is an automobile which was produced by Hino Motors from 1961 to 1967. The Contessa was developed largely from the 1947-1961 Renault 4CV powertrain under license to Hino Motors. Offered in both coupe and sedan bodystyles, it rep ...
,
Isuzu Bellett The Isuzu Bellett is a subcompact car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Isuzu between 1963 and 1973. Designed by Isuzu, the Bellett replaced the Isuzu Hillman Minx, manufactured by Isuzu under license with the Rootes Group. The car was avai ...
, and the
Mitsubishi Colt 1000 The Mitsubishi Colt (A20) was one of their first series of passenger cars produced by Shin Mitsubishi Heavy-Industries, Ltd, one of the companies which would become Mitsubishi Motors. Built from 1963 until 1970, they were available in four body st ...
. Subaru also wanted to reduce engine noise by placing the engine at the front and improve interior space by implementing front wheel drive, thereby eliminating a centrally mounted
drive shaft A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, tailshaft (Australian English), propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano) is a component for transmitting mechanical power (physics), power, torque, and rotation, usually ...
powering the rear wheels, and utilizing an independent suspension at all four wheels. Installing the air-cooled engine in the front took advantage of additional airflow into the engine compartment while the vehicle was in motion, while other air-cooled vehicles directed airflow into the rear engine compartment using externally installed air scoops to aid in cooling. To maximize space for front seat passengers, a bench seat was used and the transmission used a steering column attached gearlever. The only other Japanese company to use an air-cooled, horizontally opposed engine at the time was in the
Toyota Publica The is a small car manufactured by the Japanese company Toyota from 1961 until 1978. Conceived as a family car to fulfill the requirements of the Japanese Government's "national car concept", it was the smallest Toyota car during that period a ...
with the
Toyota U engine The Toyota U engine is a series of flat engines produced by Toyota. The original version of this engine was produced in the 1960s and 1970s in flat-twin configuration. The engine series was extended in 2012 for the engine derived from the Subaru f ...
. Its appearance is similar to the
Citroën Ami The Citroën Ami is a four-door, front-wheel drive Economy car, economy (B-segment) family car, manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1961 to 1978. The Ami was offered in sedan (car), saloon and station wagon, estate/wagon/break car body st ...
sharing an unusual reverse-raked
notchback A notchback is a car design with the rear section distinct from the passenger compartment and where the back of the passenger compartment is at an angle to the top of what is typically the rear baggage compartment. Notchback cars have "a trunk w ...
rear window, similar in style to the 1959 Ford Anglia 105E in
Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...
, and turn signal lamps installed next to the rear window as well as an air cooled flat 4 engine. Its dimensions were long, a wheelbase of , a front wheel width of and a rear wheel width of , with an overall width of .


Subaru 1000 (A12)

In 1963, Subaru tried again, with a new project code A-4, with a smaller 923 cc engine, front wheel drive, and an overall length of , a wheelbase of , a front wheel width of and a rear wheel width of , weighing . The model was put into production; it was assigned production code A-63 and was eventually introduced as the Subaru 1000. For compactness and to ensure quietness of operation with vibration kept to a minimum, the engine was developed with
water cooling file:KKP Auslauf.jpg, Cooling tower and water discharge of a nuclear power plant Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. Evaporative cooling using water is often more efficient than air cooling. Water i ...
instead of the originally intended
air cooling Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area or increasing the flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both. An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by maki ...
in the A-5 concept. The Subaru 1000 was formally introduced on October 21, 1965, at the Hilton Hotel Tokyo, now known as the Hotel Tokyu Capitol. It was shown at the 12th Tokyo Motor Show Sunday October 29 later that year. It was available for purchase May 14, 1966 with a national release in Japan in October 1966. Its initial model code was A522. These cars featured a unique water-cooled, horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine, with overhead valves operated by
pushrod A valvetrain is a mechanical system that controls the operation of the intake and exhaust valves in an internal combustion engine. The intake valves control the flow of air/fuel mixture (or air alone for direct-injected engines) into the combu ...
s. Subaru engineers examined designs by
Porsche Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche (; see below), is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in luxury, high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans, headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Th ...
,
Renault Renault S.A., commonly referred to as Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English), is a French Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company curr ...
,
DKW DKW (''Dampfkraftwagen'', – the same initials later also used for ''Des Knaben Wunsch'', ; ''Das Kleine Wunder'', and ''Deutsche Kinderwagen'', ) was a German car- and motorcycle-marque. DKW was one of the four companies that formed Auto U ...
and the
Chevrolet Corvair The Chevrolet Corvair is a Rear-engine design, rear-engined, Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine, air-cooled compact car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet over two generations between 1960 and 1969. A response to the Volkswagen Beetle, it was of ...
, and concluded that it would be desirable to combine this type of engine with a front wheel drive system. The main problem in achieving this combination was the vibrations from
universal joint A universal joint (also called a universal coupling or U-joint) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid shafts whose axes are inclined to each other. It is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges ...
s, but in collaboration with the bearing maker Toyo Bearing (now known as NTN), the innovative " double offset joint" was devised. Modern Subarus still make use of horizontally opposed four-cylinder engines, albeit of a much greater capacity and with more modern overhead-cam-driven valves. As was typical of early front wheel drive cars, the 1000 featured inboard drum brakes up front to reduce unsprung suspension weight and an easier implementation of an independent front suspension (but atypically Subaru would retain this unusual design into the seventies). Other unique features of the 1000 were a lack of a
heater core A heater core is a radiator (engine cooling), radiator-like device used in heating the cabin of a vehicle. Hot coolant from the vehicle's engine is passed through a winding tube of the core, a heat exchanger between coolant and cabin air. Fins att ...
, the heating system took its warmth directly from the radiator, and a hybrid suspension system that used
torsion bar A torsion bar suspension, also known as a torsion spring suspension, is any vehicle suspension that uses a torsion bar as its main weight-bearing spring. One end of a long metal bar is attached firmly to the vehicle chassis; the opposite end ...
s in combination with coil springs (much like the front suspension of the
Subaru 360 The Subaru 360 is a rear-engined, two-door city car manufactured and marketed by Subaru from 1958 to 1971. As the company's first mass-produced automobile, production reached 392,000 over its 12-year model run. Noted for its small overall size, ...
).


Development

In addition to the model there was also a more powerful "1000 SS" model available for 1968, first shown at the 1967
Tokyo Motor Show The , called (TMS) until 2023, is a biennial auto show held in October–November at the Tokyo Big Sight, Tokyo, Japan for cars, motorcycles and commercial vehicles. Hosted by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), it is a recog ...
. This offered at 6600 rpm; the top speed increased from . The power increase was due to twin SU carburettors and a 10:1 compression ratio, while stopping and going was improved with the fitment of quicker steering, disc brakes in front, firmer suspension, and standard radial tires. The first change was the addition of optional three-point seat belts in October 1966. The two-door sedan, model code A512, was introduced February 15, 1967. The range received minor modifications in June 1967, at which time the model codes were unified, becoming the A12. An additional bodystyle, a five-door light van (A41), was released on September 14, 1967. In reality, this is a station wagon with a folding rear seat to take advantage of Japanese tax loopholes. It was only available with the regular, lower powered engine, with either Standard or Deluxe equipment. The Deluxe can be recognized by a chrome strip along the side of the car and by its full, chromed hubcaps. Two months later came the "Sports Sedan", only with the two-door sedan body and the higher powered EA-53 engine. In January 1968, a three-door light van was added (also as a Standard or Deluxe), completing the lineup. At the same time, the Sports' floor-mounted shifter became available to the Deluxe sedans. A dual hydraulic brake system was made standard on the Sports Sedan". The last addition to the lineup took place in November 1968 (with only four months' production left), when the Super Deluxe model was added. This was available as a two- or four-door sedan and had a standard floor shift. By March 1969, monthly production of Subaru's alternative to the
Toyota Corolla The is a series of compact cars (formerly Subcompact car, subcompact) manufactured and marketed globally by the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Introduced in 1966, the Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has bee ...
and the
Nissan Sunny The is an automobile built by the Japanese automaker Nissan from 1966 till 2004. In the early 1980s, the brand changed from Datsun to Nissan in line with other models by the company. Although production of the Sunny in Japan ended in 2004, the ...
was up to over 4,000 units. The 1000 was superseded by the 1100 (also known as the Subaru FF-1 Star in the United States and in other export markets) in March 1969.


Mechanical

Subaru EA-52 Engine 1.0-liter OHV water-cooled flat-four *Displacement: , 977 cc *Power: at 6,000 rpm, at 3,200 rpm with 9:1
compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine. A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. Th ...
and two-barrel carburetor Subaru EA-53 Engine 1.0-liter OHV water-cooled flat-four (1000 Sports)'' Automobile Guide Book 1968/1969'', p. 119 *Displacement: , 977 cc *Power: at 6,600 rpm, at 4,600 rpm with 10:1
compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine. A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. Th ...
and two-barrel carburetor ;Transmission Four-speed manual, front-wheel drive *Gear ratios: 1st 4.000 2nd 2.235 3rd 1.543 4th 1.033, Rev 4.100 Final 4.125


FF-1 (1969–1972)

The Subaru FF-1 (A14), known also as the FF-1 Star, was a development of the original
front-wheel drive Front-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of internal combustion engine, engine and transmission (mechanics), transmission layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature ...
Subaru is the automaker, automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate (company), conglomerate Subaru Corporation (formerly known as Fuji Heavy Industries), the Automotive industry#By manufacturer, twenty-first largest aut ...
, the 1000. The larger-engined and facelifted FF-1 was introduced in Japan March 1, 1969, and was marketed as the ''Star'' in the United States in 1970 and 1971 model years. For 1972 (and part of 1973), it was sold as the FF-1 1100 in the US. It was joined by the 1.3-liter FF-1 1300 G in 1971. Two- or four-door sedans and a five-door station wagon models were available. This model only came with the EA-61 engine and four-speed
manual transmission A manual transmission (MT), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canadian English, Canada, British English, the United Kingdom and American English, the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed ...
. The FF-1 can be distinguished from the 1000 by minor trim modifications to include the front grille and interior appearance. This platform of sedans and wagons was discontinued by Subaru on September 1 1972, with sales continuing into 1973, alongside the new Leone. From October 1969, there was also a short-lived FF-1 Sports, with a high output version of the EA61 engine. While the regular FF-1 1100 continued to be built, the Sports was replaced by the 1300-engined version in 1970. When fitted to the four-door sedan, this version was called the Super Touring. The regular range started with the Deluxe and continued with the Custom (both with column shift) and the GL (with a floor shifter). In Japan, the wagon models were technically speaking commercial vehicles - sold as vans, with either three or five doors and typically less equipment than the sedan versions. The vans carried the A43 model code and were available with either Standard or Deluxe equipment.'' Automobile Guide Book '71—'72'', p. 181. The entire FF-1 range received a minor facelift in April 1971, in which the taillights were redesigned, as were the sheetmetal of the hood and trunk lid, which now had a small lip. The 1000/FF-1, being Subaru's first "real" car, was released before the design was fully completed, leading to numerous ongoing changes during production, in response to input from dealers and owners. In total, 83,696 FF-1s were built from 1969 until 1972.


FF-1 1300G (1970–1972)

The Subaru FF-1 1300G (A15) was a larger-engined variant of the FF-1 introduced in Japan July 10, 1970. It received the larger, 1.3-litre Subaru EA62
flat-four engine A flat-four engine, also known as a horizontally opposed-four engine or boxer engine, is a four-cylinder piston engine with two banks of cylinders lying on opposite sides of a common crankshaft. The most common type of flat-four engine is the box ...
. The car carried over the 1100's
independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in Pennsylvania, United States * Independentes (English: Independents), a Portuguese artist ...
torsion bar A torsion bar suspension, also known as a torsion spring suspension, is any vehicle suspension that uses a torsion bar as its main weight-bearing spring. One end of a long metal bar is attached firmly to the vehicle chassis; the opposite end ...
suspension Suspension or suspended may refer to: Science and engineering * Car suspension * Cell suspension or suspension culture, in biology * Guarded suspension, a software design pattern in concurrent programming suspending a method call and the calling ...
and
rack and pinion steering A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear (the ''pinion'') engaging a linear gear (the ''rack''). Together, they convert between rotational motion and linear motion: rotating the pinion causes the rack to be d ...
, inboard front
drum brake A drum brake is a brake that uses friction caused by a set of Brake shoe, shoes or Brake pad, pads that press outward against a rotating bowl-shaped part called a brake drum. The term ''drum brake'' usually means a brake in which shoes press o ...
s and dual radiators. Even in 1972, Subaru boasted about the foul-weather handling of their cars, and they were quite successful. Achieving , the Subaru quickly became a strong-selling import car in the United States. From the outside, the FF-1 G can be recognized by its redesigned grille with a large "G" beneath the Subaru logo. The 1300G was also available as a Van in Japan (A44), but only with five doors and Deluxe equipment. A floor shifter was an available option on this model. The 1.3-liter EA62 engine had no cooling fan, only an electric fan on the small radiator cooled the engine. The car used only a small radiator (which was also the heater core) on starting, hastening warm up. The 1.3 engine was unique to this model and the only Subaru engine to have rear-facing exhaust ports. In the United States, most 1972–1973 models were equipped with the 1.3L EA62 engine. The T71 four-speed manual transmission was also carried over. The high compression, high output EA62S engine received dual exhaust pipes, special camshafts, and adjustments to the valve timing and lift. Fitted to the Sports and Super Touring versions, the Sports was discontinued in October 1971 (when the Leone coupé was introduced) and the engine was discontinued after the Super Touring was also removed from the price lists in April 1972. 1970 Subaru FF-1 1300 G Sports two-door sedan in Beige, front left1.jpg, 1970 Subaru FF-1 1300 G Sports (two-door sedan) File:1971 Subaru ff-1 A14 rear.jpg, 1971 facelift model (FF-1 1100 Deluxe Sedan)


Mechanical

Subaru EA61, 1.1-liter OHV water-cooled flat-4 *Displacement: 76 mm x 60 mm, 1088 cc *Power: JIS Gross at 6,000 rpm, at 3,200 rpm with 9:1 compression and two-barrel carburetor US specifications: *Power: at 6000 rpm, at 4000 rpm with 9:1 compression ratio and two-barrel carburetor EA62 1.3L OHV water-cooled flat-4 *Displacement: 82 mm x 60 mm, 1268 cc *Power: JIS Gross at 6,400 rpm, at 4,000 rpm with 9:1 compression and dual two-barrel carburetors *Sports/Super Touring: EA62S, JIS Gross at 7,000 rpm, at 5,000 rpm with 10:1 compression and dual two-barrel Zenith Stromberg carburetors ;Transmission Four-speed manual. Gear ratios: 1st 3.540 (4.000 wagon), 2nd 2.235, 3rd 1.543, 4th 1.033, Rev 4.100, Final 4.125


4WD Wagon

In 1970, a Japanese Subaru dealership received a special order request from the Tohoku Electric Power Company for Subaru to build an all-weather vehicle with 4WD, as the company was currently using jeeps that were open to the weather. The jeeps could not seal out the cold weather, and did not have adequate heaters for winter use. The 4WD traction was advantageous in traveling on poor roads, but the jeeps were of a 30-year-old design and something more modern was desired. A car with 4WD would be more comfortable. Tohoku Electric asked that the Subaru 1000 station wagon be converted from front-wheel drive to 4WD. Given the design of the drivetrain being used in Subarus of the time, it was considered relatively easy to simply attach a driveshaft to the back of the transmission and add a rear differential that powered the rear wheels. A transfer case was also installed so that the 4WD system could be disengaged with an additional gearshift lever installed next to the transmission gearshift. In March 1971, two prototypes were used in testing a 4WD system using the station-wagon body style, borrowing a rear differential from a 510-series Nissan Bluebird. The tests were successful. On October 29, 1971, the Subaru 1300G was displayed next to a station wagon installed with 4WD, parked on top of a mirror so that visitors to the 18th Tokyo Motor Show could see the new drivetrain system. The station wagon also had a increased ground clearance over the standard model displayed. Subaru manufactured eight wagons with the 4WD installed, of which Tohoku Electric purchased five and the remaining three were delivered to the Village of Hakuba for government use in Nagano Prefecture in agricultural applications. In 2008, Subaru located one of the original eight wagons. The vehicle was restored to its original condition and is displayed at various events in Japan.


References


Subaru FF-1 History
* 1971 Subaru Sales Brochure



* 1972 Subaru Sales Brochure {{Subaru (early)
1000 1000 or thousand may refer to: * 1000 (number), a natural number * AD 1000, a leap year in the Julian calendar * 1000 BC, a year of the Before Christ era * 1000 metres, a middle-distance running event * 1000°, a German electronic dance music maga ...
Cars powered by boxer engines Cars introduced in 1966 Station wagons