Straight Outta Compton

''Straight Outta Compton'' is the debut studio album by American hip-hop group N.W.A, released on January 25, 1989, through Priority and Ruthless Records. It was produced by N.W.A members Dr. Dre, DJ Yella, and Arabian Prince, with lyrics written by the group's remaining members Eazy-E, Ice Cube and MC Ren, along with Ruthless rapper and N.W.A affiliate the D.O.C.Kory Grow
"N.W.A's 'Straight Outta Compton': 12 things you didn't know"
''Rolling Stone'' website, Penske Business Media, LLC, 8 Aug 2018. Beyond depictions of Compton's street violence, the lyrics repeatedly threaten to lead it by attacking peers and even police. The track "Fuck tha Police" drew an FBI agent's warning letter, which aided N.W.A's notoriety, with N.W.A later calling itself "the world's most dangerous group".McDermott, Terry (April 14, 2002)
"NWA:Straight Outta Compton pt 1"
''Los Angeles Times''. Reprinted at Hip Hop News. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

In July 1989, despite its scarce radio play beyond the Los Angeles area,David Diallo, ch. 10 "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide'', Volume 1: ''East Coast and West Coast'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010)
pp 234–238
''Straight Outta Compton'' became the first gangsta rap album to receive platinum certification for having sold 1 million copies. That year, the album peaked at number 9 on ''Billboard''s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and at number 37 on the ''Billboard'' 200."Tenth Ruthless anniversary: For the record"
''Billboard'', 1997 Aug 9;109(32):R-16. Receiving significant media coverage, the album triggered hip-hop's movement toward hardcore gangsta rap.Jeff Chang, ''Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation'' (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005)
pp. 327–328
Though initially receiving mixed reviews from critics, it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential albums in hip-hop music and of all time.

In September 2002, ''Straight Outta Compton'' was reissued with four bonus tracks. Almost two years away from the 20th anniversary of the album's release, another reissue of ''Straight Outta Compton'' was released in December 2007 with "tribute remixes" of four tracks off the album and a live version of "Compton's n the House" as bonus tracks. In 2015, after an album reissue on red cassettes, theater release of the biographical film ''Straight Outta Compton'' reinvigorated sales of the album, which by year's end was certified triple platinum. In 2016, it became the first rap album inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. The next year, the Library of Congress selected ''Straight Outta Compton'' for preservation in the National Recording Registry, for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Background

For most of the 1980s, New York City, the birthplace of hip-hop, remained the rap genre's dominant scene.Loren Kajikawa, "Compton via New York", ''Sounding Race in Rap Songs'' (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015)
pp 91–96
Los Angeles County was secondary.David Diallo, ch. 10 "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide'', Volume 1: ''East Coast and West Coast'' (Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press, 2010). Until 1988, the Los Angeles hip-hop scene, retaining more of hip-hop's dance and party origin, prioritized DJs and DJ crews as the central players in hip-hop; the prevailing style at the time was electro rap and "funk hop",David Diallo, "Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2007), pp 319�
321
similar to the New York-based 1982 hit " Planet Rock". By contrast, East Coast hip-hop had moved to prioritizing the lyricist (or "MC") after the success of Run-DMC's self-titled 1984 album.

As the 1980s continued, it became increasingly popular to record lyrics on top of electro rap music. The World Class Wreckin' Cru, which included Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, published the West Coast's first rap album to be released under a major record label. Also among LA's rising lyricists was Ice-T. Inspired by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D's 1985 single " P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" Ice-T released the track " 6 in the Mornin'" in 1986. This song began to pull the Los Angeles scene's attention away from electro rap; it reached gold sales and inaugurated a new rap subgenre, later called "gangsta rap".

In 1986, Eric Wright, a Kelly Park Compton Crip, formed Ruthless Records, an independent record label based in Compton. Through drug dealing, Wright had become acquainted with Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, a pair of locally successful record producers and recording artists who were struggling to receive royalties. Wright recruited the South Central Los Angeles-based rapper Ice Cube, then a member of rap group C.I.A., as a ghostwriter, and instructed him to collaborate with Dr. Dre and write a song for the label. The resulting track was " Boyz-n-the-Hood".Stephen Thomas Erlewine
"N.W.A: Biography"
''AllMusic.com'', Netaktion LLC, visited 26 Apr 2020. This song was originally intended to be performed by a New York-based group who were signed to Ruthless Records; however, after that group rejected the song, Wright adopted the stage name Eazy-E and performed the rapping himself. Released under the name N.W.A, "Boyz-n-the-Hood" became a local hit, despite criticism that it sounded similar to Schoolly D's "P.S.K." single, and that its tempo was too slow to dance to.

Expanding upon Ice-T's model, N.W.A imparted to gangsta rap a signature style that featured "exaggerated descriptions of street life, militant resistance to authority, and outright sexist violence". N.W.A further strove to secure radio play by supplying radio edits of their music to local stations such as KDAY. Despite these efforts, N.W.A's national debut, ''Straight Outta Compton'', saw virtually no radio play; even so, the album was hugely successful, selling one million copies and becoming the first gangsta rap album to be certified platinum.Stephen Thomas Erlewine
"N.W.A: Biography"
''AllMusic.com'', Netaktion LLC, visited 25 Apr 2020. As rap fans, even from afar, sought more from Compton and South Central, local rappers, like MC Eiht of Compton's Most Wanted, met the call. The Los Angeles rap scene rapidly moved from party rap to hardcore rap.

On the global stage, N.W.A towered as gangsta rap icons. The group's profane, unrelentingly violent lyrics led to backlash from law enforcement and other groups: an FBI agent sent the record label a warning letter, MTV banned the "Straight Outta Compton" video, some venues banned N.W.A performances, and some police officers refused to work security at N.W.A shows elsewhere.Eazy-E Timeline
Eazy-E.com. Accessed October 4, 2007 The controversy served to further bolster N.W.A's anti-establishment image, and so the rappers would highlight it themselves in later tracks.

''Slant Magazine'' describes ''Straight Outta Compton'' as laying the foundation for the East Coast–West Coast hip-hop rivalry, referring to the album as "the West Coast firing on New York's Fort Sumter in what would become '90s culture's biggest Uncivil War."

Record production

The album was recorded and produced in Audio Achievements Studio in Torrance, California, for $12,000. Dr. Dre, in a 1993 interview, recalls, "I threw that thing together in six weeks so we could have something to sell out of the trunk."

In an incident recalled in Jerry Heller's book, police approached the group while they were standing outside the studio in 1988 and demanded them to get on their knees and show ID without explanation. Outraged by the experience, Cube began writing the lyrics that would become "Fuck tha Police". Initially, still spending weekends in jail over traffic violations, Dre was reluctant to do "Fuck tha Police", a reluctance that dissolved once that sentence concluded.

Synthesis

The album's producers were Dr. Dre with DJ Yella and Arabian Prince. Its production was mostly sampled horn blasts, some funk guitar riffs, sampled vocals, and turntable scratches atop a drum machine. Their drum machine, used for kick, was the Roland TR-808.George Ciccariello-Maher, "The 808", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture'', Volume 1 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007)
p 75

Vocals

N.W.A's Ice Cube and MC Ren, along with Ruthless Records rapper The D.O.C. wrote the lyrics, including those rapped by Eazy-E and by Dr. Dre.

Content

Reflecting in 2002, ''Rolling Stone'' writer Jon Caramanica calls the album a "bombastic, cacophonous car ride through Los Angeles' burnt-out and ignored hoods". In a contemporary review, rather, Mark Holmberg, in the ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'', calls it "a preacher-provoking, mother-maddening, reality-stinks" album that "wallows in gangs, doping, drive-by shootings, brutal sexism, cop slamming and racism". ''Newsweek'' wrote, "Hinting at gang roots, and selling themselves on those hints, they project a gangster mystique that pays no attention to where criminality begins and marketing lets off."Newsweek staff
"Number one with a bullet"
''Newsweek'', 30 Jun 1991, quoted in Anne Janette Johnson
"Contemporary Musicians: N.W.A."
''Encyclopedia.com'', Cengage, updated 1 Apr 2020. Even when depicting severe and unprovoked violence, the rappers cite their own stage names as its very perpetrators. By their sheer force, the album's opening three tracks—"Straight Outta Compton", "Fuck tha Police", and " Gangsta Gangsta"—signature songs setting N.W.A's platform, says AllMusic album reviewer Steve Huey, "threaten to dwarf everything that follows".

First, the title track, smearing and menacing civilians and police, men and women, while women receive gruff sexual advances, too, even threatens to "smother your mother". Then, after a skit of the police put on criminal trial, "Fuck tha Police", alleging chronic harassment and brutality by officers, singularly threatens lethal retaliation. "Gangsta Gangsta" depicts group outings to carouse with women while slurring unwilling women and assaulting men, whether confrontational troublemakers, innocent bystanders, or a driver who, fleeing the failed carjacking, gets shot at. "8 Ball" is dedicated to the 40 oz bottles of malt liquor, Olde English 800. "Express Yourself", written by Cube and rapped by Dre, incidentally scorns weed smoking—already proclaimed by Cube in "Gangsta Gangsta" as his own, chronic practice—which allegedly causes brain damage, a threat to the song's optimistic agenda, liberal individuality. "I Ain't tha 1" scorns spending money on women. "Dopeman" depicts the crack epidemic's aftermath. Closing the album, "Something 2 Dance 2" is upbeat.

The term "gangsta rap", soon to arise in journalism, had not been coined yet. According to Ice Cube, the rappers themselves called it "reality rap". Indicting N.W.A as its leading example, journalist David Mills, in 1990, acknowledges, "The hard-core street rappers defend their violent lyrics as a reflection of 'reality'. But for all the gunshots they mix into their music, rappers rarely try to dramatize that reality" empathetically. "It's easier for them to imagine themselves pulling the trigger." Still, the year before, Bud Norman, reviewing in the ''Wichita Eagle-Beacon'', assesses that on ''Straight Outta Compton'', "they don't make it sound like much fun".''Wichita Eagle-Beacon'', 3 August 1989, quoted in Anne Janette Johnson
"Contemporary Musicians: N.W.A."
''Encyclopedia.com'', Cengage, updated 1 April 2020. In Norman's view, "They describe it with the same nonjudgmental resignation that a Kansan might use about a tornado." Steve Huey, writing for AllMusic, considered that "''Straight Outta Compton'' insistent claims of reality ring a little hollow today, since it hardly ever depicts consequences. But despite all the romanticized invincibility, the force and detail of Ice Cube's writing makes the exaggerations resonate."

Release

In the United Kingdom, the album was released by 4th & B'way Records after a period that Roy Wilkinson of '' Sounds'' described as "months" of selling well as an import release.

Critical reception

Critiques

Music journalist Greg Kot, reviewing ''Straight Outta Compton'' for the ''Chicago Tribune'', finds N.W.A's sound "fuller and funkier" than that of East Coast hip-hop, and their lyrics just as "unforgiving" as those of East Coast group Public Enemy. ''Los Angeles Times'' critic Dennis Hunt anticipates that listeners may be offended by the album's lack of "moralizing", "even more so than the searing street language", and advises, "To appreciate this remarkable, disturbing album you have to approach it for what it is—a no-holds-barred, audio-documentary of ghetto life." On the other hand, Cary Darling, in California's ''Orange County Register'', while thinking that the lyrics make Ice-T "look like a Cub Scout", ultimately deems ''Straight Outta Compton'' "curiously uninvolving", as it "lacks the insight and passion that put the best work by the likes of Boogie Down Productions, Ice-T and Public Enemy so far ahead of the field". Robert Christgau of ''The Village Voice'' perceives N.W.A's persona as calculated: "Right, it's not about salary—it's about royalties, about brandishing scarewords like 'street' and 'crazy' and 'fuck' and 'reality' until suckers black and white cough up the cash."

In the UK, ''Sounds'' reviewer Roy Wilkinson declared ''Straight Outta Compton'' "rap's answer to Slayer's '' Reign in Blood''—a record the majors were scared to touch", continuing, "This is rock made genuinely wild again. Beware, the pop jive of the current 'Express Yourself' single will in no way prepare you for the Magnum beat that fires here." Other British publications were less enthusiastic. Paolo Hewitt of ''NME'' takes issue with the lyrics' "macho repetition and tunnel vision", while in the '' Hi-Fi News & Record Review'', Peter Clark, going further, calls the lyrics "unrelenting in their unpleasantness".'' Hi-Fi News & Record Review'', Dec 1989. Offering the lowest possible rating, Clark adds, "The cumulative effect is like listening to an endless fight next door. The music on this record is without a hint of dynamics or melody." Charlie Dick, writing for '' Q'', contends, "In the wake of Public Enemy and KRS-One, it is amazing that something this lightweight could cause such a stir. The all-mouth-and-trousers content is backed up by likable drum machine twittering, minimal instrumentation and duffish production." Still, he predicts, "This regressive nonsense will be passed off as social commentary by thrill-seekers all across the free world."

By 1991, while criticizing group members for allegedly carrying misogynist lyrics into real life, ''Newsweek'' incidentally comments that ''Straight Outta Compton'', nonetheless, "introduced some of the most grotesquely exciting music ever made". Writing in retrospect, Steve Huey, in AllMusic, deems the album mainly just "raising hell" while posturing, but finds that "it still sounds refreshingly uncalculated because of its irreverent, gonzo sense of humor, still unfortunately rare in hardcore rap". In the 2004 '' Rolling Stone Album Guide'', Roni Sarig states that although ''Straight Outta Compton'' was viewed as a "perversion" of the "more politically sophisticated" style of hip-hop exemplified by Public Enemy, the album displays "a more righteous fury than the hundreds of copycats it spawned".

Rankings

In 1994, British magazine ''Hip Hop Connection'', placing the album third among rap's best albums, adds, "''Straight Outta Compton'' sounded so exciting, insignificant details such as realism and integrity could be overlooked." Hip-hop magazine '' The Source'' included ''Straight Outta Compton'' in its 1998 "100 Best Albums" list. Television network VH1, in 2003, placed it 62nd. '' Spin'' magazine, sorting the "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005", identified it 10th.

The first rap album ever to gain five stars from ''Rolling Stone'' at initial review, it placed 70th among the magazine's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in its 2020 revised list. ''Time'', in 2006, named it one of the 100 greatest albums of all time."The All-TIME 100 Albums"
''TIME''. Accessed January 4, 2008 '' Vibe'' appraised it as one of the 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century. In 2012, ''Slant Magazine'' listed it 18th among the "Best Albums of the 1980s". In November 2016, ''Straight Outta Compton'' became the first rap album inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2017, ''Straight Outta Compton'' was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress, who deemed it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Commercial performance

Released on January 25, 1989, ''Straight Outta Compton'' was N.W.A's best selling album; it attained gold certification, half a million copies sold, three months after its release.The Recording Industry Association of America reports this upon a January 1989 album release [Gold & Platinum search
"Straight Outta Compton"
RIAA website, visited 7 May 2020]. Meanwhile, the album peaked at number 9 on ''Billboard''s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and on April 15, 1989, at number 37 on the ''Billboard'' 200, which ranks the week's most popular albums. On July 18, 1989, the album was certified platinum, one million copies sold. On March 27, 1992, ''Straight Outta Compton'' was certified double-platinum, two million copies sold; and on November 11, 2015, was certified triple-platinum, three million copies sold..

By Priority Records' estimation, about 80% of ''Straight Outta Compton''s sales occurred in suburban areas predominantly white.Scott Warfield, "N.W.A.", in Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith & Anthony J. Fonseca, eds., ''Hip Hop Around the World: An Encyclopedia'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2018)
p 535
Terry McDermott

''Los Angeles Times'', 14 Apr 2002, archived by "Davey D", FNV Newsletter website.

Approaching the August 2015 release of the film ''Straight Outta Compton'', the album reentered the ''Billboard'' 200 at number 173.Victoria Hernandez
"Hip Hop album sales: Dr. Dre, Kendrick Lamar & N.W.A"
''HipHopDX'', 17 Aug 2015. The next week, it rose to number 97, another week later reached number 30—beyond its 1989 peak position of #37—and on September 5 peaked at number 6. Meanwhile, the album's title track entered the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 as N.W.A's first song in the Top 40, and spent two weeks at number 38.

Media presence

In 2004, the ''DigitaArts'' list 25 Best Albums Covers included ''Straight Outta Compton''. By the album's release, Arabian Prince, seen on the cover, had left N.W.A. Lacking him, a group photo taken by Ithaka Darin Pappas on November 11, 1988, at Pappa's studio apartment in Los Angeles' Miracle Mile district, has been repeatedly republished in media. Pappas calls it " The Miracle Mile Shot", It has been seen on '' The Source'' May 1989 cover, the DVD cover of the 2015 documentary ''Kings Of Compton'', in France's Musée d'art contemporain de Marseille from 2017 to 2018, and as a backdrop at N.W.A's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 2016 in Brooklyn, New York.

Sinéad O'Connor, then herself controversial, appraised in 1990 that "It's definitely the best rap record I've ever heard."''Rolling Stone'', 15 November 1990. But, feeling that he had rushed its production, N.W.A's own Dr. Dre, in a 1993 interview, remarked, "To this day, I can't stand that album. I threw that thing together in six weeks so we could have something to sell out of the trunk." Additionally, he said, "Back then, I thought the choruses were supposed to just be me scratching."

Track listing

All songs produced by Dr. Dre, DJ Yella, and Arabian Prince.

Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal and AllMusic.

;N.W.A.
* Eazy-E – rapping (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 9, 11–13), spoken word (tracks 1–3, 10 and 12) co-producer (track 6), executive producer
* Ice Cube – rapping (tracks 1–3, 5, 10 & 11), spoken word (tracks 2 and 8)
* MC Ren – rapping (tracks 1–5, 7, 9, 12), spoken word (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 9)
* Dr. Dre – rapping (tracks 5, 7–9, 11 & 13), spoken word (tracks 1–3, 7, 8 and 9) keyboards and drum programming (all tracks)
* DJ Yella – sampling, turntables and drum programming (all tracks)
* Arabian Prince – rapping (track 13), keyboards & drum programming (1,2, 3, 7, 9 and 13)

;Additional musicians
* The D.O.C. – rapping (track 5), spoken word (track 2), lyrics (tracks 1, 2 & 5)
* Krazy Dee – spoken word (tracks 2, 3 &11)

;Studio personnel
* Big Bass Brian – mastering
* Donovan Sound – engineer
* Eric Poppleton – photography
* Helane Freeman – art direction

Charts

Certifications

See also

* Album era
*'' Straight Outta Compton: N.W.A 10th Anniversary Tribute''

Notes

Further reading

*

External links

''Straight Outta Compton''
(Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
*
Straight Outta Compton
' at Discogs

"Outlaw Rock: More Skirmishes on the Censorship Front"
— ''The New York Times''

{{Authority control

1989 debut albums
N.W.A albums
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Ruthless Records albums
Compton, California
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Obscenity controversies in music
United States National Recording Registry albums