Sporocadaceae

The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales. It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.

Species of ''Sporocadaceae'' are endophytic (living with a plant), plant pathogenic (causing disease) or saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter). They are associated with a wide range of host plants. They are also endophytes or parasitic on humans and animals. Some of them are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, ''Pestalotiopsis'' spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.

Members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are also known as 'pestalotioid fungi', which refers to genera resembling those taxa having affinities with ''Pestalotia''. A former genus, whose species are now split between ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Neopestalotiopsis'' and ''Pseudopestalotiopsis''. 'Pestalotia' also encompasses genus ''Seiridium''.

History

The family ''Sporocadaceae'' was established by Corda in 1842 with the type genus of ''Sporocadus''.

The order of Amphisphaeriales was resurrected by Senanayake et al. (2015), to include ''Amphisphaeriaceae'', ''Clypeosphaeriaceae'' and another four novel families derived from ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' (''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Phlogicylindriaceae'').
However, the fungal sequence dataset as used in Senanayake et al. (2015), was largely incomplete and some of the introduced families were not well supported statistically. Subsequently, Jaklitsch et al. (2016), synonymised ''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Robillardaceae'', and then revived the older family name of ''Sporocadaceae'' to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).

Because genera in this family of fungi share the same evolutionary history, it is unlikely that the diversity of secondary metabolites detected in ''Pestalotiopsis'' is an exception within the family. Therefore, a large number of potential novel metabolites might be hidden and await discovery. The natural classification system proposed for ''Sporocadaceae'' in this study could thus present a major step to screen for novel metabolites in future studies.

Description

Most fungal genera within the ''Sporocadaceae'' family have multi-septate (cavity walls) and more or less fusiform (spindle-like shaped) conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some melanised cells. This genus has undergone many rearrangements since it was first introduced by Italian botanist, lichenologist and mycologist De Notaris (1805–1877), in 1841.

The morphology of the asexual morph genera having acervular (an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body) conidiomata that produce hyaline (resembling glass), pale or dark brown, septate conidia were taken into the consideration by various botanic authors when they were assigned to the family.

Pestalotia-like asexual morphs were classified in '' Amphisphaeriaceae'' (Samuels et al. 1987), accommodating 36 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1995).

Hosts

They are associated with a wide range of host plants, including grapevines in China, ''Rosa'' spp. '' Camellia oleifera'' (Tea-oil tree) in China,

Many of the ''Sporocadaceae'' species were reported as important plant pathogenic fungi that mainly harm various economic crops, such as tea (''Camellia sinensis''), blueberry (''Vaccinium corymbosum''),Fernández et al. 'Disease Prevalence and Symptoms Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima'' and ''Pestalotiopsis guepinii'' on Blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina' January 2015, American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (19):3082-3090 and elephant apple, (''Dillenia indica''). Genera ''Pestalotiopsis'' and ''Neopestalotiopsis'' cause twig blight and dieback on blueberry plants in Portugal. Genera ''Neopestalotiopsis'', ''Pestalotiopsis'', and ''Seiridium'' are found on woody oil plants such as; (''Camellia oleifera'', ''Olea europaea'' (Olive), ''Paeonia suffruticosa'', '' Sapium sebiferum'', and ''Vernicia fordii'') in Sichuan Province, China.

Species of ''Pestalotiopsis'' are found on ''Fagaceae'' leaves within China. Species ''Pestalotiopsis kenyana'' causes leaf spot disease on ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.

Pestalotioid fungi are also one of the major agents causing leaf spots on mango trees in China.

In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, ''Neopestalotiopsis hydeana'' and ''Pestalotiopsis hydei'' which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on '' Alpinia malaccensis'', '' Alpinia galangal'', '' Annona squamosa'', '' Artocarpus heterophyllus'', '' Garcinia mangostana'', '' Litsea petiolata'', ''Vitis vinifera'' and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand.

Uses

In addition, members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are of particular interest with regard to the production of secondary metabolites, e.g. ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Bartalinia'' and ''Morinia'' (Collado et al., 2006, Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008, Liu et al., 2009). ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' was shown to possess a very high number of gene clusters involved in bio-active compound synthesis (Wang et al. 2016).

Distribution

It has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide, except Canada, Alaska, Greenland and the North and South poles. Including Argentina, Thailand, Taiwan, and China.

Genera

Studies on ''Sporocadaceae'' were mostly based on ITS and LSU sequence data (DNA analysis) and these data sets were not originally informative in resolving generic boundaries within the family (Jaklitsch et al. 2016b). The 2019 study by Liu et al. (2019a), provided a revision of this family complete with morphology and multi-gene phylogeny based on the LSU, ITS and rpb2 sequence data and further analysis using protein coding genes (tef1 or tub2) for each genus.

The family comprised 35 genera in 2022. It was estimated it had 750 species. As accepted in 2020 (with amount of genera);

* '' Allelochaeta'' (42)
* '' Annellolacinia'' (2)
* '' Bartalinia'' (19)
* '' Broomella'' (2)
* '' Ciliochorella'' (4)
* '' Dilophospora'' (ca. 2 + few orphaned names)
* '' Diploceras'' (2)
* '' Disaeta'' (1)
* '' Discosia'' (53)
* '' Distononappendiculata'' (3)
* '' Diversimediispora'' (1)
* '' Doliomyces'' (3)
* '' Heterotruncatella'' (17)
* '' Hyalotiella'' (6)
* '' Hymenopleella'' (inc. ''Dyrithiopsis'' ; = ''Neotruncatella'' ) (8)
* '' Immersidiscosia'' (1)
* '' Millesimomyces'' (1)
* '' Monochaetia'' (ca. 30)
* '' Morinia'' (= ''Zetiasplozna'' ) (2)
* ''Neopestalotiopsis'' (75)
* '' Nonappendiculata'' (1)
* '' Nothoseiridium'' (1)
* '' Parabartalinia'' (1)
* ''Pestalotiopsis'' (ca. 100)
* '' Pseudopestalotiopsis'' (22)
* '' Pseudosarcostroma'' (1)
* '' Robillarda'' (19)
* '' Sarcostroma'' (19)
* '' Seimatosporium'' (ca.100)
* ''Seiridium'' (20)
* '' Sporocadus'' (16)
* '' Strickeria'' (10)
* '' Synnemapestaloides'' (2)
* '' Truncatella'' (13)
* '' Vermisporium'' (1)
* '' Xenoseimatosporium'' (1)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q59061012

Taxa described in 1842
Amphisphaeriales
Taxa named by August Carl Joseph Corda
Ascomycota families