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Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the
# ''Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Pusana'' Uvarov, 1940
# ''Arphia'' Stål, 1873
# ''Lactista'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita'')
# ''Leuronotina'' Hebard, 1932
# ''Tomonotus'' Saussure, 1861
# ''Andrea (grasshopper), Andrea'' Mishchenko, 1989
# ''Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930
# ''Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998
# ''Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia)
# ''Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889
# ''Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930
# ''Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875
# ''Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875
# ''Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012
# ''Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940
# ''Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
# ''Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873
# ''Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923
# ''Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914
# ''Paracinema (insect), Paracinema'' Fischer, 1853
# ''Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007
# ''Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942
* ''Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897
* ''Camnula'' Stål, 1873
* ''Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
* ''Leprus'' Saussure, 1861
* ''Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892
* ''Xanthippus (grasshopper), Xanthippus'' Saussure, 1884
;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825
# ''Migratory locust, Locusta'' Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
# ''Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic ''Psophus stridulus''
;subtribe undetermined
# ''Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001
# ''Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921
# ''Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
# ''Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
# ''Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Celes (grasshopper), Celes'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991
# ''Oedipoda'' Latreille, 1829
# ''Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932
# ''Ceracris'' Walker, 1870
# ''Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985
# ''Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951
# ''Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852
# ''Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941
# ''Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853
# ''Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993
# ''Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902
# ''Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# ''Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950
# ''Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914
# ''Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Microtes'' Scudder, 1900
# ''Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951
# ''Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899
# ''Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999
# ''Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# ''Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 - type species: ''Sphingonotus caerulans''
# ''Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924
# ''Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873
# ''Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic ''Tropidolophus formosus''
* ''Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003
* ''Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
* ''Atympanum'' Yin, 1982
* ''Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913
* ''Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979
* ''Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925
* ''Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899
* ''Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956
* ''Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
* ''Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949
* ''Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979
* ''Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897
* ''Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949
* ''Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984
* ''Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951
* ''Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947
* ''Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952
* ''Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981
* ''Granada (grasshopper), Granada'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008
* ''Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953
* ''Humbe (grasshopper), Humbe'' Bolívar, 1882
* ''Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952
* ''Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977
* ''Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888
* ''Morphacris'' Walker, 1870
* ''Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987
* ''Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911
* ''Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982
* ''Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967
* ''Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941
* ''Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965
* ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
* ''Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921
* ''Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933
* ''Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964
* ''Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949
* ''†Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000
* ''†Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
* ''†Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
The genus ''Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus ''Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.
DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ,
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...
Oedipodinae of grasshoppers
Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to the suborder Caelifera. They are amongst what are possibly the most ancient living groups of chewing herbivorous insects, dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago.
Grassh ...
classified under the family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedi ...
. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae. Many species primarily inhabit xeric
Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (Ancient Greek 'dry') shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this habita ...
weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locust
Locusts (derived from the Latin ''locusta'', locust or lobster) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstances they b ...
s:
* ''Locusta migratoria
The migratory locust (''Locusta migratoria'') is the most widespread locust species, and the monotypic, only species in the genus ''Locusta''. It occurs throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Because of the vast geographic a ...
'': the migratory locust
* '' Chortoicetes terminifera'': the Australian plague locust
* '' Locustana pardalina'' the brown locust
These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwing
Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindw ...
s that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium
The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip, ...
is extremely small or absent.
Defense
When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.Tribes and genera
The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following:Tribe Acrotylini
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution:Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
, Europe, Asia, Australia
# ''Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Pusana'' Uvarov, 1940
Tribe Anconiini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # ''Anconia'' Scudder, 1876Tribe Arphiini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
# ''Arphia'' Stål, 1873
# ''Lactista'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita'')
# ''Leuronotina'' Hebard, 1932
# ''Tomonotus'' Saussure, 1861
Tribe Bryodemini
Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia
# ''Andrea (grasshopper), Andrea'' Mishchenko, 1989
# ''Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930
# ''Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998
# ''Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia)
# ''Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889
# ''Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930
Tribe Chortophagini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
# ''Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875
# ''Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875
# ''Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012
# ''Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940
Tribe Epacromiini
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia
# ''Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
# ''Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873
# ''Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923
# ''Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914
# ''Paracinema (insect), Paracinema'' Fischer, 1853
# ''Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007
# ''Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942
Tribe Hippiscini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas
* ''Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897
* ''Camnula'' Stål, 1873
* ''Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
* ''Leprus'' Saussure, 1861
* ''Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892
* ''Xanthippus (grasshopper), Xanthippus'' Saussure, 1884
Tribe Locustini
Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825
# ''Migratory locust, Locusta'' Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
# ''Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic ''Psophus stridulus''
;subtribe undetermined
# ''Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001
# ''Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921
# ''Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
# ''Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
# ''Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884
Tribe Macherocerini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # ''Machaerocera'' Saussure, 1859Tribe Oedipodini
Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia
# ''Celes (grasshopper), Celes'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991
# ''Oedipoda'' Latreille, 1829
# ''Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932
Tribe Parapleurini
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia
# ''Ceracris'' Walker, 1870
# ''Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985
# ''Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951
# ''Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852
# ''Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941
# ''Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853
# ''Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993
Tribe Psinidiini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America * ''Derotmema'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Hippopedon'' Saussure, 1861 (synonym ''Platylactista'') * ''Mestobregma'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Metator'' McNeill, 1901 * ''Psinidia'' Stål, 1873 * ''Trachyrhachys'' Scudder, 1876 * ''Trepidulus'' McNeill, 1901Tribe Sphingonotini
Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia
# ''Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902
# ''Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# ''Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950
# ''Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914
# ''Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Microtes'' Scudder, 1900
# ''Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951
# ''Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899
# ''Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999
# ''Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# ''Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 - type species: ''Sphingonotus caerulans''
# ''Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888
# ''Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924
Tribe Trilophidiini
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe)
# ''Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873
Tribe Trimerotropini
Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas # ''Circotettix'' Scudder, 1876 # ''Conozoa'' Saussure, 1884 # ''Dissosteira'' Scudder, 1876 # ''Spharagemon'' Scudder, 1875 # ''Trimerotropis'' Stål, 1873Tribe Tropidolophini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe)
# ''Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic ''Tropidolophus formosus''
Genera ''incertae sedis''
* ''Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003
* ''Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
* ''Atympanum'' Yin, 1982
* ''Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913
* ''Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979
* ''Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925
* ''Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899
* ''Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956
* ''Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
* ''Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949
* ''Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979
* ''Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897
* ''Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949
* ''Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984
* ''Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951
* ''Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947
* ''Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952
* ''Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981
* ''Granada (grasshopper), Granada'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008
* ''Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953
* ''Humbe (grasshopper), Humbe'' Bolívar, 1882
* ''Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952
* ''Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977
* ''Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888
* ''Morphacris'' Walker, 1870
* ''Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987
* ''Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911
* ''Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982
* ''Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967
* ''Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941
* ''Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965
* ''Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
* ''Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921
* ''Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933
* ''Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964
* ''Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949
* ''†Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000
* ''†Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
* ''†Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
The genus ''Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus ''Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.
DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ,
References
External links
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q30107 Oedipodinae,