Shimron

Tel Shimron (Hebrew: תל שמרון) is an archaeological site and nature reserve in the Jezreel Valley.

Shimron was a major city in the north of Israel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, it was known as Simonias (Hebrew: סימונייה), as attested to by Flavius Josephus. The Arabic name of the site is Tell Samunia, also written Samunieh.

Tel Shimron is located on the western edge of the Nazareth range, on the intersection of the Lower Galilee and the Jezreel Valley. That location, particularly due to its proximity to the Acre (Akko) Plain, made it an important trade route.

Since 2016, the site is being excavated in cooperation with the Jezreel Valley Regional Project.

Surveys and excavations

Guérin, 1875

In 1875, Victor Guérin wrote:
"The present village has succeeded a small ancient city, now completely destroyed. East of the site which it occupied rises a round isolated hill, which commands the plain in every direction, and was once surrounded on its summit by a wall, of which a few traces still remain. This hill must probably have been fortified. Scarped towards the east, it slopes gently on the western side towards the town, which covered the lower hillocks at its feet. Among them I found, in the midst of the various debris which cover the soil, the remains of a building in cut stone, completely overthrown, once ornamented by columns, as is attested by two mutilated shafts lying on the spot. This edifice seems to have been constructed from east to west, so that it may have been a Christian church.

"In another place I saw an enclosure measuring thirty-five paces in length by twenty-five in breadth. From a distance it appears ancient. It is, however, of modern date, constructed of stones of all sizes and shapes; among them pillars of broken sarcophagi".Guérin, 1880, pp
384
386; as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p
339
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1982 survey

In 1982 the site was surveyed by Yuval Portugali and Avner Raban. The finds included several tombs dating to the Middle Bronze II, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods, but Chalcolithic and Early Bronze I remains were discovered around the site, as well as evidence of Neolithic activity in the surrounding area.

IAA excavations (2004-2010)

In 2004, 2008 and 2010, salvage excavations were conducted adjacent to ''Tel Shimron'' by Nurit Feig and Yardenna Alexandre on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).

2004 excavation

Nurit Feig directed a salvage excavation on behalf of the IAA prior to the installation of electrical poles at the Bet Zarzir-Nahalal Junction road. Four squares were excavated, three of which were situated along the shoulder of the road, and the fourth was 200m to the west.

2008 excavation

Feig conducted another IAA salvage dig prior to the construction of agricultural buildings. This excavation found several smaller walls and potsherds dating to the Early and Middle Bronze Ages as well as the Roman Period. Flint remains dated to the Neolithic as well as the Early Bronze Age.

2010 excavation

Another salvage excavation was conducted on behalf of the IAA, this time by Yardenna Alexandre near the Nahalal junction before a widening of Road 75. A rural settlement dating to the Middle Bronze Age was uncovered. Roman remains were discovered as well.

Tel Shimron Excavations (2016-)

In 2016, research began on the tel itself. The project is co-directed by Daniel M. Master and Mario A. S. Martin on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University and Wheaton College, IL. This survey reached similar conclusions to the earlier work by Portugali and Raban. Middle Bronze Age remains were found close to the surface, and later periods were mostly represented at the center of the mound. However, ground penetrating radar and magnetometry assays revealed strata from later periods overlaying the MB strata in certain areas, which led to the excavations of 2017 and 2019.

The first five years of excavation uncovered remains from the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian Period, Hellenistic Period, Roman Period, and Mamluk period.

In 2023, excavators uncovered a monumental mudbrick passageway with a corbelled arched roof, the first of its kind in the southern Levant. While excavating the entrance to the passageway, the team found a "Nahariya bowl", a seven-cupped vessel which is thought to have had ritual function. In November 2024, archaeologists revealed their discovery of a monumental structure containing a large cache of rare cultic objects used by the Canaanites 3,800 years ago.

History and archaeology

Neolithic

Very little Neolithic material has been found at Tel Shimron, but during the 2010 excavation, a PPNB arrowhead as well as remains of the Wadi Rabah culture were discovered.

Chalcolithic

Sparse evidence of the Ghassulian Culture of the Chalcolithic period was uncovered during the 2010 Excavation.

Early Bronze Age

Due to Middle Bronze remains that lie atop the Early Bronze strata, it is difficult to gain a detailed picture of the Early Bronze Age at Shimron. Surveys have suggested the site was first settled in the EB I, and there was a gap in settlement during the EB III.

Middle Bronze Age

Tel Shimron was at its largest, 19.5 hectares, during the Middle Bronze Age. The site is mentioned in the MB I Execration Texts, and its size and location suggest that it was an important inland city in the interconnected trade network of growing ports and the Jezreel Valley trade route. A cylinder seal found, dating to the MB II, further attests the international nature of Shimron as a site along an important trade route during the MB. In general, Shimron is part of a larger trend of booming urbanism and fortification as well as international trade during the MB.

The juxtaposition of domestic activity in the lower city and monumental buildings on the acropolis provides an interesting case of status differences in the Middle Bronze Age.

Lower city

In the southwest corner of the site, Middle Bronze Age domestic buildings were excavated. Evidence of daily life in the Middle Bronze Age was found in the houses, including craft industries like metal working.

Acropolis

On the acropolis of the site, to the east, monumental Middle Bronze Age remains were discovered. While the pottery in this area is similar chronologically to that of the lower city domestic area, the quality and forms are different. For example, several whole and fragmented Nahariya bowls were found It is in this area that a massive mudbrick corbelled passageway was also discovered.

Cylinder seal

The cylinder seal, which dates to the 17th century BCE, or the Middle Bronze Age II, was discovered at Tel Shimron during the 2017 season. Made of hematite in the Old Syrian Classic style, it measures 1.5 cm in length and 8.5 cm in width with a 2.5 mm diameter hole. The seal depicts a sphinx and lion fighting over a human and stag, with two vultures, a sun and crescent shape depicted over the fight. In addition, a hare and a bull’s head are pictured to either side. The depictions draw from influences from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Northern Syria, showing the international nature of the 17th century.

Late Bronze Age

While surveys indicate that Shimron shrunk somewhat in the middle of the second millennium, the Amarna Letters attest that it was still an important royal city in northern Canaan. In EA 225 EA 261, and EA 224, Šammu-Hadi, king of Shimron, is shown as a vassal to the Egyptian pharaoh. EA 224 seems to indicate that part of the local economy of Shimron is grain production, some of which would go to support nearby Egyptian garrisons; however, EA 8 indicates otherwise. Burraburiyash of Babylon complains to the pharaoh that Šum-Hadda, most likely the same ruler of Shimron mentioned in the other letters, and Sutana of Acco raided one of his caravans. This text not only indicates the location of Shimron along an important trade route, but its alliances with western powers like Acco, which is supported by Cypriot material found at the site.

Iron Age

Iron Age remains were found in a silo cut into the Bronze Age fortifications. While the 2019 excavation did not allow for rigorous investigation of the Iron Age remains, the assemblage found in the silo is similar to that of Megiddo VI, which indicates a "Canaanite" population in the lowlands in the Iron Age I. A bronze bracelet and electrum sheeting were also found here.

The exact political and social orientation of Tel Shimron during the Iron Age is unclear. According to Joshua 11, the king of Shimron was part of an alliance with the king of Hazor, which was defeated by Joshua. Joshua 19:15 places Shimron inside the allotment of the Tribe of Zebulun.

Assyrian destruction

During the 8th century BC, it is possible that Shimron was destroyed by Tiglath Pileser III. In a fragment of his annals, different cities taken by the Assyrians are recorded. One such site, although the list is badly broken, has been restored as ''Samhuna'', which Nadav Na'aman and others have associated with Shimron.

Tiglath Pileser III performed massive deportations in the Jezreel and Lower Galilee during the 8th century, and surveys in the area suggest it remained sparsely populated for centuries.

Persian period

In the Persian period use of the site resumed. The 2004 salvage excavation uncovered a Persian-period building that likely served a public function, which could indicate that Shimron had an administrative role in the area.

Hellenistic period

Finds from the Hellenistic period indicate substantial occupation during both the Ptolemaic and Seleucid eras. It is unclear, however, if the site was occupied after the withdrawal of Seleucid rule in the middle of the second century.

Feig’s 2008 excavation uncovered a coin, which was likely struck in the Ashkelon Mint during the Ptolemaic Period.

Excavations on the western side of the site revealed a hoard of coins from the reign of Antiochus III, just at the moment when this region moved from Ptolemaic to Seleucid rule. There were also coins of Demetrius II; after which the site was abandoned.

Roman period

During the First Jewish–Roman War, and in 66 CE a battle occurred here between the Jewish rebels and the Romans, who besieged the city. Josephus, mentioning the village by name, states that it was attacked there at night by the Roman decurion, Æbutius, who had been entrusted with the charge of the Great Plain and who had one-hundred horses and two-hundred infantry at his disposal. The Roman soldiers, however, were forced to withdraw since their horses were of little use in that terrain ('' Life of Flavius Josephus'', § 24).

During this era, Shimron was referred to as Simonias in Greek and Simonia in Rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic, but the Jerusalem Talmud draws equivalency between the two, declaring "and Shimron is Simonia."

The surveys by Raban and Feig indicate occupation during the Roman period, but the site was likely part of the orbit of nearby Sepphoris. Part of the Leggio-Sepphoris road was excavated at Shimron in 2004, and proximity to this trade route probably benefitted Shimron. A massive ashlar wall was also uncovered in 2004, dating to the same period.

At the center of the site, several houses, dating to the 1st to 3rd centuries CE, were excavated in 2017. Both houses had entrance courtyards, and the rooms were divided by stone walls with 'windows.' These domestic structures were typical of Jewish Galilean villages in the Roman period and included a ritual bath ('' miqveh'') in one of the houses.

Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Mamluk periods

There is little textual evidence of Shimron during the Early Islamic period, so Portugali’s survey provides the best picture of the site during this period to date. Portugali identified two distinct settlements, a 3.9 dunam farmstead, showing a retraction from the 78.3 dunam Byzantine settlement, and a 12.8 dunam Mamluk village, which Portugali hypothesized was built over a Crusader occupation.

Later, Shimron is mentioned by Ishtori Haparchi ("Kaftor wa-Feraḥ", ch. xi, written in 1322).

Late Ottoman rule

A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed a village here, named ''Sammouni''.

In 1838, Edward Robinson found here a small Arab village called ''Semunieh'', and he noted it again in 1852.

In 1867, a group of German Templers attempted to establish an early German Templer Colony in Palestine on the site, which failed due to malaria.

Victor Guérin noted in 1875:

"The present village has succeeded a small ancient city, now completely destroyed." He then goes on to describing the tell east of the village and other ancient remains (for that see above at Surveys and excavations).

In 1881, the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) described it as a small village on a knoll with three springs, having probably less than 100 inhabitants.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p
280
/ref> A population list from about 1887 showed that ''Semunieh'' had about 100 inhabitants; all Muslims.

Gottlieb Schumacher, as part of surveying for the construction of the Jezreel Valley railway, noted in 1900 that the village "had not increased ince the 1881 SWP survey due to its unhealthy position and bad water. The proprietor, Sursock, built a number of dwellings covered with tile masonry."

British Mandate period

The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1936, the site became an agricultural training station for the Moshavim Movement. One group that trained here came from Nahalal, and continued on to establish kibbutz Hanita.

In 1948, kibbutz Timorim was established on the site. Timorim became a moshav shitufi in 1953 and moved to the south of the country, due to lack of farming lands. When it was vacated, it became a Ma'abara (transit camp) for new immigrants destined for Migdal Ha'Emek and Ramat Yishai.

Nature reserve

In 1965, a 28-dunam nature reserve was declared, preserving the Apple-ring Acacia (syn. Acacia albida) trees that grow on the site. This is the northernmost occurrence of these trees in Israel. The Apple-ring Acacia, native to Africa and the Middle East, is used for nitrogen fixation, erosion control for crops, for food, drink and medicine. It sheds its leaves in the rainy season and is highly valued in agroforestry as it can grow among field crops without shading them.ILDIS LegumeWeb
/ref>

Notes

References

Bibliography

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115

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External links

* Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5
IAAWikimedia commons

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{{Nature reserves of Israel

Archaeological sites in Israel
Nature reserves in Israel
Amarna letters locations
Canaanite cities
Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
Biblical geography
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
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Jezreel Valley