Scopolia Carniolica

''Scopolia carniolica'', the European scopolia or henbane bell, is a poisonous plant belonging to tribe Hyoscyameae of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It bears dark brownish-violet nodding flowers on long, slender pedicels. It grows to in height. Its toxicity derives from its high levels of tropane alkaloids, particularly atropine. The concentration of atropine is highest in the roots.

''Scopolia carniolica'' grows on wet soils in beech forests of Southeastern Europe from lowlands to the mountainous zones, being native to a region stretching from the eastern Alps to the eastern Carpathians and also naturalised farther east in southwestern Russia.Starý, František, Poisonous Plants (Hamlyn colour guides) – pub. Paul Hamlyn April, 1984, translated from the Czech by Olga Kuthanová. The rare form ''Scopolia carniolica'' f. ''hladnikiana'' (which differs from the common form in having a corolla that is greenish yellow, both inside and out) is native to Slovenia.

''Scopolia carniolica'' was first described by the botanist Carl Linnaeus and named in honour of the physician Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as ''Hyoscyamus scopolia''. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin classified it to the genus ''Scopolia''. The specific name ''carniolica'' signifies 'of Carniola', a historical region that comprised parts of modern-day Slovenia (see also Duchy of Carniola and March of Carniola).

''Scopolia carniolica'' is the symbol of the Slovene Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. The plant is a source of scopolamine, which was used as an anesthetic in the past.

It is native to Austria, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, North Caucasus, Poland, Romania, Transcaucasus, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Use in folk medicine and criminal poisoning

The plant was used in the late Middle Ages as a narcotic agent and an ingredient in 'love potions' – a practice frequently resulting in fatal cases of poisoning. Furthermore, in its native Carpathians, ''Scopolia carniolica'' was also used with criminal intent, either to stupefy victims in order to rob them, or to kill them outright. It has also been used throughout Europe as a medicinal plant.

Decline in traditional knowledge concerning plant in Slovenia

Fatur and Kreft note, in their recent article on the survival of folk knowledge concerning hallucinogenic Solanaceae in Slovenia, that S. carniolica is - ironically - now the least-remembered of such plants in its native land (Atropa, Hyoscyamus and Datura spp. all being better-known there), although they do record some information of interest regarding apotropaic uses of the plant in this part of its home range.Fatur K, Kreft S (2021) Nixing the nightshades: Traditional knowledge of intoxicating members of the Solanaceae among hallucinogenic plant and mushroom users in Slovenia. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0247688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0247688

Like the other Solanaceeous genera involved, Scopolia - once popular in the Pre-Christian and folkloric practices of pre-industrial Europe as a potent evoker of highly realistic and often frightening hallucinations - has been largely eclipsed in modern times by various less toxic hallucinogens (notably psilocybin-containing fungal species) evoking more lucid ASCs accompanied by fewer unpleasant side-effects (e.g. dry mouth, racing heartbeat and prolonged blurred vision caused by dilated pupils). Tropane-containing Solanaceae such as S. carniolica are, properly speaking, toxic, anticholinergic deliriants rather than ‘true hallucinogens’ and their frequently unpleasant and unpredictable effects can, on occasion, involve fatalities.

One of Fatur and Kreft’s Slovenian informants vouchsafed the information that certain individuals wore the leaves of S. carniolica (local name krajnska bunika) tied around their waists in order to ward off evil spirits. Another stated that they knew of a couple of cases in which people had taken the plant for its hallucinogenic effects and had, as a result, ended up spending time recovering from their foolhardy experimentation in psychiatric hospitals.

Gallery

S. carniolica

File:IMG 5039 Scopolia carniolica Jacq.jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. Young shoot sprouting: scale leaves pigmented purple: adult leaves somewhat dentate.
File:Scopolia carniolica Finland 2016-04-30.jpg, Fresh young foliage and abundant flowers of a mature specimen in Spring. Cultivated plant, arboretum in southern Finland.
File:Scopolia carniolica 2016-04-19 8137.JPG, Flower and leaves viewed from beneath, UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin Poland
File:IMG 5025 Scopolia carniolica Jacq.jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. Young flowering shoot. Cultivated plant.
File:IMG 5034 Scopolia carniolica Jacq.jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. Single flower, showing long, slender pedicel and cup-like calyx.
File:IMG 5018 Scopolia carniolica Jacq.jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. Flowers, enlarged, showing cream interior with green reticulation and unripe anthers.
File:Scopolia carniolica pyxidium dehiscence brightened image.jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. fruiting calyx dissected to reveal pyxidium within, dehiscing by operculum to reveal ripe, pitted brown seeds within.
File:Scopolia carniolica - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-263.jpg, Coloured plate, nominally of
''S. carniolica'',
but resembling
''S. caucasica''.
Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen.

S. carniolica f. hladnikiana

File:Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana 2 upward-facing flowers.jpg, Two upward-facing flowers borne on newly-emerged shoot
File:Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana young flowering shoots.jpg, Young flowering shoots of a cultivated specimen
File:Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana developing shoots.jpg, Same shoots, circa 2 weeks later, showing further development
File:Atlas de la flora alpine (Pl. 365) (6389282343).jpg, ''Scopolia carniolica'' (f. ''hladnikiana'', though not described as such). Coloured plate, Atlas de la flora alpine (author: Henry Correvon)

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1786332

Hyoscyameae
Flora of Europe
Flora of Slovenia
Deliriants