sardonic

Sardonicism is form of wit or humour, where being sardonic often involves expressing an uncomfortable truth in a clever and not necessarily malicious way, often with a degree of distrust or skepticism; or behavior disdainfully, cynically humorous, frequently based on scornful mocking.
This gave birth to a literary genre emphasizing the behavior.

Origin

Both the concept and the etymology of the root word “sardonic” are of uncertain origin, but appear to stem from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The 10th-century Byzantine Greek encyclopedia ''Suda'' traces the word's earliest roots to the notion of grinning () in the face of danger, or curling one's lips back at evil.

One explanation for the later alteration to its more familiar form and connection to laughter (supported by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'') appears to stem from an ancient belief that ingesting the ''sardonion'' (σαρδόνιον) plant from Sardinia (Σαρδώ) would result in convulsions resembling laughter and, ultimately, death. In ''Theory and History of Folklore'', Vladimir Propp discusses alleged examples of ritual laughter accompanying death and killing, all involving groups. These he characterized as sardonic laughter:

Among the very ancient people of Sardinia, who were called ''Sardi'' or ''Sardoni'', it was customary to kill old people. While killing their old people, the Sardi laughed loudly. This is the origin of notorious sardonic laughter (Eugen Fehrle, 1930). In light of our findings things begin to look different. Laughter accompanies the passage from death to life; it creates life and accompanies birth. Consequently, laughter accompanying killing transforms death into a new birth, nullifies murder as such, and is an act of piety that transforms death into a new life.

A root form may first appear in Homer's ''Odyssey'' as the Ancient Greek ''sardánios'', altered by influence of the word ''Sardonios'' (Σαρδονιος, " Sardinian"), originated from a Greek phrase which meant "to be sneered", "tearing of flesh" or for scornful laughter. From the evolved the , thence the , and ultimately the modern English adjectival form, ''sardonic''. In the English vernacular, it was recorded and utilized in Edmund Spenser's ''The Shepheardes Calender'' (1579).

Hemlock water dropwort

In 2009 scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified hemlock water dropwort as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin. This plant is the candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant used perhaps for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Sardinia. When these people were unable to support themselves, they were intoxicated with this herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death.

''Risus sardonicus''

''Risus sardonicus'' is an apparent smile on the face of those who are convulsing because of tetanus or strychnine poisoning. From the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "A fixed, grin-like expression resulting from spasm of facial muscles, esp. in tetanus." From a criminal poisoning handbook published in 2010:

onvulsion of thefacial muscles may cause a characteristic expression called ''Risus sardonicus'' (from the Latin for scornful laughter) or ''Risus caninus'' (from the Latin for doglike laughter or grinning). This facial expression has also been observed among patients with tetanus. ''Risus sardonicus'' causes a patient's eyebrows to rise, eyes to bulge, and mouth to retract dramatically, resulting in what has been described as an evil-looking grin.Holstege, C. et al., ''Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives'', by Christopher Holstege, Thomas Neer, Gregory Saathoff, and Brent Furbee, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, p. 161.
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See also

* Bittersweet
* Euphemisms
* Irony
* Rapport
* Roasting
* Sarcasm
* Schadenfreude
* Self-parody
* Evil laughter

References

External links

* {{cite web , url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sardonic, title=Entry: Online Etymology Dictionary , access-date=2008-10-30
* Definition, meaning, and social examples of the word Sardoni
Sardonic meaning and usage example

Humour
Rhetoric