The Salicaceae are the willow family of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') includes the willows, poplars. Genetic studies summarized by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

(APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the tropical

Scyphostegia ''Scyphostegia borneensis'' is a species of shrub or small tree endemic to Borneo. This unusual plant is the only species in the genus ''Scyphostegia''. In many taxonomic classifications the genus was placed in its own family, the Scyphostegiacea ...

ceae and many of the former

Flacourtiaceae The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it bec ...

. In the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...

, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera, ''

Salix Willows, also called sallows and osiers, of the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 350 species (plus numerous hybrids) of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions. Most species are known ...

'', ''

Populus ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (), aspen, and cottonwood. The we ...

'', and ''Chosenia'' (now a synonym of ''Salix''). Recognized to be closely related to the

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...

and

Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name from t ...

, the family is placed by the APG in the order

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest Order (biology), orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, Viola (plant), violets, aspens and Populus, poplars, Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsett ...

. Under the new circumscription, most members of the family are trees or shrubs that have

simple leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, fl ...

with alternate arrangement, and temperate members are usually

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

. Most members have serrate or dentate

leaf margins A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, fl ...

, and many of those that have such toothed margins exhibit salicoid teeth, a salicoid tooth being one in which a

vein Veins () are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are those of the pulmonary and feta ...

enters the tooth, expands, and terminates at or near the apex, near which are spherical and glandular protuberances called setae. Sometimes the glands will deflate and appear

torus In geometry, a torus (: tori or toruses) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space one full revolution about an axis that is coplanarity, coplanar with the circle. The main types of toruses inclu ...

(doughnut) shaped. Some members of the family exhibit violoid or theoid teeth, characters along with presence of an

aril An aril (), also called arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. An arillode, or false aril, is sometimes distinguished: whereas an aril grows from the attachment point of the seed to the ova ...

and introrse anther dehiscence that are sometimes used to split the family into three families, Salicaceae ''sensu medio'', Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae.Samarakoon, T., and M.H. Alford. 2019
New Names and Combinations in Neotropical Samydaceae
''Novon'' 27: 65-71.Wurdack, K.J., and C.C. Davis. 2009
Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life
''American Journal of Botany'' 96: 1551-1570. Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have

ovaries The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are endocr ...

that are superior or half-inferior with

parietal placentation Placentation is the formation, type and structure, or modes of arrangement of the placenta. The function of placentation is to transfer nutrients, respiratory gases, and water from maternal tissue to a growing embryo, and in some instances to remo ...

Genera by subfamily and tribe

Salicaceae are divided into three subfamilies, with Salicoideae further divided into seven tribes. Several of these tribes are not monophyletic and await further revision.

Salicoideae

Abatieae *''

Abatia ''Abatia'' (synonym (taxonomy), syn. ''Raleighia'' George Gardner (botanist), Gardner) is a genus of about ten species of Central America, Central and South American trees in the family Salicaceae (following the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classif ...

'' Ruiz & Pavón (now including ''Aphaerema'') Bembicieae *''

Bembicia ''Bembicia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae The Salicaceae are the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') includes the willows, poplars. Genetic studies sum ...

'' Oliver Flacourtieae *'' Azara'' Ruiz & Pavón *'' Bennettiodendron'' Merrill *'' Carrierea'' Franchet *'' Dovyalis'' Arnott *''

Flacourtia ''Flacourtia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It was previously placed in the now defunct family Flacourtiaceae. The generic name honors Étienne de Flacourt (1607–1660), a governor of Madagascar. It contains 23 specie ...

'' L'Heritier *'' Idesia'' Maximowicz *''

Itoa ''Itoa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It is also in the tribe Saliceae. Its native range is southern China to Vietnam, central and eastern Malesia to New Guinea. It is found in China (Hainan), Maluku Islands, New Guin ...

'' Hemsley *''

Lasiochlamys ''Lasiochlamys'' is a genus of flowering plants endemic to New Caledonia in the family Salicaceae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that ''Lasiochlamys'' may be nested in the more widespread genus ''Xylosma''. In 2023, ''Lasiochlamys'' wa ...

'' Pax & K. Hoffmann *''

Ludia Ludia is a Canadian video game developer based in Montreal, Quebec that creates and distributes cross-platform digital games with mass consumer appeal. Ludia produces original and branded properties based on game shows, television series, mov ...

'' de Jussieu *''

Olmediella ''Olmediella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: ''Olmediella betschleriana'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae,Sl ...

'' Baillon *''

Oncoba ''Oncoba'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. Known species The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online: *'' Oncoba brachyanthera'' *'' Oncoba breteleri'' *'' Oncoba routledgei'' *''Oncoba spinosa' ...

'' Forsskahl *'' Poliothyrsis'' Oliver *'' Tisonia'' Baillon *''

Xylosma ''Xylosma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, " logwoods". The generic name is derived from the G ...

'' G. Forster (now including ''Priamosia'') Homalieae *''

Bartholomaea ''Bartholomaea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. The genus is native to southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.Lemke, D. E. 1987. Tribal relationships of ''Bartholomaea'' (Flacourtiaceae). ''Brittonia'' 39: 436-439. Kn ...

'' Standley & Steyermark *'' Bivinia'' Tulasne *'' Byrsanthus'' Guillemin *'' Calantica'' Tulasne *'' Dissomeria'' Bentham *''

Homalium ''Homalium'' is a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. Species Species include: * '' Homalium acuminatum'' * '' Homalium betulifolium'' * '' Homalium brevidens'' * '' Homalium buxifolium'' * '' Homalium ceylanicum'' * '' Homalium coc ...

'' Jacquin *'' Neopringlea'' S. Watson *'' Trimeria'' Harvey Prockieae *''

Ahernia ''Ahernia'' is a genus of a single species, ''Ahernia glandulosa'', a tree in the family Achariaceae, native to Hainan and Luzon island of the Philippines. Previously it was treated in the family Flacourtiaceae before being placed in Achariaceae. ...

'' Merrill *''

Banara ''Banara'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly in Flacourtiaceae). Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Bo ...

'' Aublet *''

Hasseltia ''Hasseltia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains four species of small to medium-sized trees native to the neotropics, ranging from Mexico south to Brazil and Bolivia.Alford, M.H. 2006. A new species of ''Hasselt ...

'' Kunth *''

Hasseltiopsis ''Hasseltiopsis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It includes a single species, ''Hasseltiopsis dioica'', a tree native to southern Mexico and Costa Rica. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiace ...

'' Sleumer *''

Macrohasseltia ''Macrohasseltia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of tree: ''Macrohasseltia macroterantha'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourti ...

'' L. O. Williams *''

Macrothumia ''Macrothumia'' is a genus in the willow family Salicaceae with a single species ''Macrothumia kuhlmannii''. It is a tree native to the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais in Brazil. Formerly classified in the genus ''Banara'' in t ...

'' M.H.Alford *'' Neosprucea'' Sleumer *'' Pineda'' Ruiz & Pavón *'' Pleuranthodendron'' L. O. Williams *''

Prockia ''Prockia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of approximately six species of shrubs and small trees native to the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Its type species, ''Prockia crucis'', i ...

'' L. Saliceae *''

'' L. *

† A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species or languages). It is one of the mo ...

'' Pseudosalix'' Boucher, Manchester, & Judd *''

'' L. Scolopieae *'' Hemiscolopia'' van Slooten *'' Pseudoscolopia'' Gilg *''

Scolopia ''Scolopia'' is an Old World genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. Species include: * '' Scolopia braunii'' ( Klotzsch) & Sleumer - an Australian rainforest tree *'' Scolopia buxifolia'' Gagnep. *'' Scolopia chinensis'' (Lour.) Clos *'' S ...

'' Schreber

Samydoideae

*'' Casearia'' Jacquin (including '' Hecatostemon'', '' Laetia'', ''

Samyda ''Samyda'' is a genus of plants in family Salicaceae.Tropicos
1. September 2018 There are 11 species, chiefly shrubs of the ...

'', & '' Zuelania'') *'' Euceraea'' Martius *'' Irenodendron'' Alford & Dement *''

Lunania ''Lunania'' is a Neotropical realm, neotropical genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Salicaceae. The genus spans from southern Mexico to central South America and throughout the Caribbean. They typically grow as Shrub, shrub ...

'' Hooker *'' Neoptychocarpus'' Buchheim *'' Ophiobotrys'' Gilg *'' Osmelia'' Thwaites (now including '' Pseudosmelia'')Alford, M.H. 2021
A taxonomic revision of ''Ophiobotrys'', ''Osmelia'', and ''Pseudosmelia'' (Samydaceae/Salicaceae s.l.)
''Brittonia'' 73: 393-409. *'' Piparea'' Aublet *'' Ryania'' Vahl *'' Tetrathylacium'' Poeppig & Endlicher *'' Trichostephanus'' Gilg

Scyphostegioideae

*'' Dianyuea'' C. Shang ''et al''. *''

'' Stapf

''
Incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''

*†'' Saxifragispermum'' Reid & Chandler *†'' Utkholokia'' (Cheleb.) Iljinskaja & Chelb.

References

External links

* * {{Authority control Malpighiales families ms:Salicaceae