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SN Refsdal is the first detected multiply-lensed
After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.
The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015 (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations), in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.
The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the
How One Supernova Measured The Universe
Images of first SN Refsdal in March
an
reappeared in December 2015 at hubblesite.org
NASA’s Hubble Discovers Four Images of Same Supernova Split by Cosmic Lens
- by NASA
Predicted Reappearance of SN Refsdal (March 2015)
The image taken by Hubble around November 2015 shows new supernovae 'SX' in multiply image system
at astro.berkeley.edu.
Hubble Hangout December 17 2015 discussing SN Refsdal
View of Exploding Star Appears, Right on Cue
supernova
A supernova (: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last stellar evolution, evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion ...
, visible within the field of the galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galax ...
MACS J1149+2223. It was named after Norwegian astrophysicist Sjur Refsdal, who, in 1964, first proposed using time-delayed images from a lensed supernova to study the expansion of the universe. The observations were made using the Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the Orbiting Solar Observatory, first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most ...
.
Einstein cross
The host galaxy of SN Refsdal is at aredshift
In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and e ...
of 1.49, corresponding to a comoving distance
In standard cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance (or physical distance) are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects. ''Comoving distance'' factors out the expansion of the univ ...
of 14.4 billion light-years and a lookback time of 9.34 billion years. The multiple images are arranged around the elliptical galaxy at z = 0.54 in a cross-shaped pattern, also known as an " Einstein cross".
Reappearance
After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.
The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015 (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations), in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.
The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the Hubble constant
Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. In other words, the farther a galaxy is from the Earth, the faste ...
. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae.
Using measurements from SN Refsdal and galaxy cluster lens models, astronomers found that the Hubble constant has value H0 = km s−1 Mpc−1.
Other multiply-lensed supernova
Other reported multiply-lensed supernova are iPTF16geu, SN Requiem (AT2016jka), Supernova Zwicky (SN 2022qmx), Chen et al SN, SN H0pe and SN 2022riv. Besides SN Refsdal, SN H0pe has also been used to measure the value of theHubble constant
Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. In other words, the farther a galaxy is from the Earth, the faste ...
using the relative delay in the arrival between images.
See also
* Einstein Cross, the gravitationally lensed quasar that gave rise to the term "Einstein cross" *How One Supernova Measured The Universe
References
External links
Images of first SN Refsdal in March
an
reappeared in December 2015 at hubblesite.org
NASA’s Hubble Discovers Four Images of Same Supernova Split by Cosmic Lens
- by NASA
Predicted Reappearance of SN Refsdal (March 2015)
The image taken by Hubble around November 2015 shows new supernovae 'SX' in multiply image system
at astro.berkeley.edu.
Hubble Hangout December 17 2015 discussing SN Refsdal
View of Exploding Star Appears, Right on Cue
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
Founded in 1888, its interests include geography, archaeology, natural sc ...
17 December 2015
{{Supernovae
Supernovae
Gravitational lensing
Leo (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 2014