Background and preparation phase
{{See also, Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war, Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war, Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria The Syrian civil war has been waged since 2011 between multiple opposition (anti-government) groupings and the government as well, as their local and foreign support bases. Since 2014, a significant part of Syria′s territory had beenPrevention of Qatar-Turkey pipeline
{{Main, Qatar–Turkey pipeline In an October 2016 TV interview, GeneralOperations by Russian military forces
September–October 2015
{{see also, Northwestern Syria offensive (October 2015) The first series ofNovember 2015
{{main, Homs offensive (November–December 2015) On 17 November 2015, in the wake of the Russian jet crash over Sinai{{cite news , last1=Oliphant , first1=Roland , last2=Akkoc , first2=Raziye , last3=Steafel , first3=Eleanor , date=17 November 2015 , title=Paris attacks: Cameron to make case for Syria military action as EU troops could be sent to France , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999927/Paris-France-terror-attacks-isil-Belgium-Molenbeek-suspects-Syria-Raqqa-bombing-live.html , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117090022/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999927/Paris-France-terror-attacks-isil-Belgium-Molenbeek-suspects-Syria-Raqqa-bombing-live.html , url-status=dead , archive-date=17 November 2015 , newspaper=The Daily Telegraph , location=Online , access-date=17 November 2015 and the Paris attacks, according to the Russian defence minister′s public report to the president of Russia Vladimir Putin, Russia employed the Russia-basedDecember 2015 – February 2016
{{main, 2015–16 Latakia offensive, Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015), Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–16), Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) On 1 December 2015, ''March 2016 – mid-October 2016
{{main, Palmyra offensive (March 2016), 2016 Aleppo summer campaign, Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016) On 1 March 2016, Russian foreign ministerMid-October 2016 – December 2016
{{main, Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016), Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016) On 15 October 2016, theJanuary 2017 – June 2017
{{see also, Syrian Civil War ceasefires#Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016 – February 2017), Palmyra offensive (2017), East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017), Eastern Homs offensive (2017), Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017) On 1 January 2017, Russian and Turkish warplanes conducted joint airstrikes against ISIL as part of theJuly 2017 – December 2017
{{see also, Central Syria campaign (July–October 2017), Hama offensive (September 2017), Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017) On 24 July, the Russian military announced that Russia had begun to deployJanuary 2018 – August 2018
{{main, Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018), Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018), 2018 Southern Syria offensive In January—February 2018, the Russian air force continued to provide combat support to the Syrian Army in its offensive operations in theSeptember 2018 – March 2019
{{main, As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018) On 17 September 2018, during multiple missile strikes by Israeli F-16 jets at targets in western Syria, Russia′s Il-20April 2019 – September 2019
{{main, Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019) Fighting intensified in Idlib and nearby areas at the end of April 2019, Syrian and Russian forces striking the rebel targets. On 13 June, the Russian military said fighting in the Idlib de-escalation zone had subsided as a result of a ceasefire agreement reached on Russia’s initiative that came into force the day prior. By 10 July 2019, the government offensive in Idlib was judged to have reached a standstill, Russia’s ties with Turkey cited as the main brake on any full-scale attempt to take the entire northwest. On 18 July, rebel commanders were cited byOctober 2019
On 13 October 2019, Russian ground forces, along with the Syrian army entered and took the SDF-held areas on northeastern Syria following an agreement reached between the SDF and the Syrian government, shortly afterNovember 2019 – September 2020
{{main, Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020), 2020 Balyun airstrikes On 2 November 2019, Russian aviation struck a concentration of militants in the area ofSince October 2020
{{main, 2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike On 26 October 2020, the Russian airstrike on a training base run by Faylaq al-Sham, a major rebel group backed by Turkey, in the town of Kafr Takharim was reported to have killed at least 78 Turkish-backed militia fighters. On 19 April 2021, Russian warplanes executed airstrikes on militant facilities in central Syria, northeast the city ofAssessments of tactics and effectiveness
By late February 2016, the Russian Air Force conducted around 60 airstrikes daily, while the American-led coalition averaged seven. Pro-government websiteWeapons and munitions employed
Russian forces in Syria were reported to have used a mix ofReports of civilian casualties and war crimes
{{see also, April 2016 Idlib bombings, Atarib market massacre, Siege of Eastern Ghouta, Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016), Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing According toCooperation with Iran
{{See also, Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Iran continues to officially deny the presence of its combat troops in Syria, maintaining that it provides military advice to President Assad's forces in their fight against terrorist groups.{{cite news, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/iranian-commanders-killed-syria-151013192529038.html, title=Two more Iranian commanders killed in Syria, publisher=Al Jazeera, access-date=15 October 2015, date=14 October 2015 It is stated that the Syrian Arab Army receives substantial support from theReactions
{{For, further Russian comments on Syria and Russian initiatives since 30 September 2015 not part of this military operation, Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil WarSyria
{{flagu, Syria: * On 1 October 2015, the Syrian Ambassador to Russia, Riyad Haddad, stated that the Russian air force is acting in full coordination with the Syrian army. He added that Syria's position is that the Russian intervention is the only legitimate intervention underInternational
Supranational
National governments
{{flagu, Armenia provides support for the Russian operations in Syria by providing operational and logistical support.{{cite news, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/12/resurgent-russia-takes-tenacious-turkey-151209071618920.html, title=Resurgent Russia takes on tenacious Turkey, publisher=Militias and religious agents
Representatives of the Kurdish YPG and PYD expressed their support for Russian air strikes against Islamic State, al-Nusra Front andSee also
{{Portal, Asia, War *References
{{Reflist, 30emFurther reading
* {{cite news , last=Birnbaum , first=Michael , title=The secret pact between Russia and Syria that gives Moscow carte blanche , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=2016-01-15 , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/01/15/the-secret-pact-between-russia-and-syria-that-gives-moscow-carte-blanche/ , access-date=2020-11-25External links
* {{Commons category-inline