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Robert I ( – 13 October 1093), known as ''Robert the Frisian'', was
count of Flanders The count of Flanders was the ruler or sub-ruler of the county of Flanders, beginning in the 9th century. Later, the title would be held for a time, by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. During the French Revolution, in 1790, the co ...
from 1071 to his death in 1093. He was a son of
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders Baldwin V ( 1012 – 1 September 1067) was Count of Flanders from 1035 until his death. He secured the personal union between the counties of Flanders and Hainaut and maintained close links to the Anglo-Saxon monarchy, which was overthrown by h ...
and the younger brother of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders. He usurped the countship after defeating his nephew Arnulf III and his allies, which included King Philip I of France, count Eustace of Boulogne and  the counts of Saint-Pol and Ardres at the Battle of Cassel.  Charles Verlinden, "Robert Ier le Frisson", Ghent, 1935. He subsequently made peace with Philip, who became his stepson-in-law, but remained hostile to his sister Matilda and her husband
William the Conqueror William I; ang, WillelmI (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 10 ...
, who was king of England and duke of Normandy.


Early life

Robert was the younger son of Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela, a daughter of King
Robert II of France Robert II (c. 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious (french: link=no, le Pieux) or the Wise (french: link=no, le Sage), was King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Junior King in 987, he assisted his ...
.Detlev Schwennicke, '' Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 5 His elder brother, Baldwin VI, succeeded their father as
count of Flanders The count of Flanders was the ruler or sub-ruler of the county of Flanders, beginning in the 9th century. Later, the title would be held for a time, by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. During the French Revolution, in 1790, the co ...
in 1067, and his sister Matilda had married
William the Conqueror William I; ang, WillelmI (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 10 ...
, then
duke of Normandy In the Middle Ages, the duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in north-western France. The duchy arose out of a grant of land to the Viking leader Rollo by the French king Charles III in 911. In 924 and again in 933, Normandy ...
and later
king of England The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy, constitutional form of government by which a hereditary monarchy, hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United ...
in 1051/2.


Regent of Holland

Robert's marriage to
Gertrude of Saxony Gertrude of Saxony ( 1030 – August 4, 1113), also known as Gertrude Billung, was a countess of Holland by marriage to Floris I, Count of Holland, and countess of Flanders by marriage to Robert I, Count of Flanders. She was regent of Holland in ...
,
dowager A dowager is a widow or widower who holds a title or property—a "dower"—derived from her or his deceased spouse. As an adjective, ''dowager'' usually appears in association with monarchical and aristocratic titles. In popular usage, the noun ...
countess of Holland, in 1063 was not arranged by his father but nonetheless agreed to.Renée Nip, 'The Political Relations between England and Flanders (1066–1128)', ''Anglo-Norman Studies 21: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998'', Ed. Christopher Harper-Bill (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), p. 147 His nickname 'the Frisian' was obtained, apparently, when he acted as regent for his stepson, Count Dirk V of Holland Robert and Gertrude had six children:
Robert The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, who became count of Flanders Adela († 1115), who became queen of Denmark, Gertrude, who became duchess of Lorraine,
Philip Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who populariz ...
, Ogiva, who became abbess of Messines, and Baldwin († bef. 1080). Robert twice swore a renunciation to his claims to Flanders. The first was at Audenarde (between 1063 and 1067), in presence of his father Baldwin V. He received a significant monetary compensation.Hermann of Tournai, "The Restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai", 1996. pp.28. The second was made at Bruges (1069/70) in presence of his brother Baldwin VI. On his deathbed in 1070, Baldwin VI left Flanders and Hainaut to his elder son, Arnulf III,The version of Gislebert on Mons, according to which Baldwin partitioned his inheritance, leaving Flanders to Arnulf and Hainaut to his younger son Baldwin, is not corroborated by charter evidence. The same is true for Ghislebert's claim that Baldwin VI further entrusted Robert, his brother, with the safeguard of Arnulf III. Richilde, Arnulf's mother, was to be regent until Arnulf came of age.Renée Nip, 'The Political Relations between England and Flanders (1066–1128)', ''Anglo-Norman Studies 21: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998'', Ed. Christopher Harper-Bill (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), p. 154


Count of Flanders

Despite the oath, Robert disputed the succession of his nephew Arnulf III upon Baldwin VI's death. He recruited supporters in the Maritime Flanders and Ghent, and finally entered the latter with the intent of taking Flanders for himself.  Richilde appealed to King Philip I of France who summoned Robert to appear before him.Gilbert of Mons, ''Chronicle of Hainaut'', Trans.  Laura Napran (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005), p. 6 Robert refused and continued his war with Richilde at which point Philip I amassed an army which he brought to Flanders.Jim Bradbury, ''The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty (987–1328)'' (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 114 Among his allies were the counts of Boulogne, Saint-Pol and Ardres.  His army was also accompanied by Norman troops, probably sent by Robert's sister, Queen Matilda, and led by William FitzOsborn. FitzOsborn's motives for being at the battle of Cassel vary considerably depending on which chronicler one reads. Robert of Torigni states he went at the request of Queen Matilda, William of Malmesbury claims he was in love with Richilde while William of Jumièges says he went on his own accord. Heather Tanner comments (''Families, Friends, and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England c.879—1160'' (Brill, 2004), pp. 103–4 & Esp. n. 138) that FitzOsborn was one of William the Conqueror's advisors who would not likely leave England without the king's consent making Robert of Torigni's explanation the more likely. The Conqueror was Arnulf III's uncle so his, or Queen Matilda's sending a Norman contingent would make sense. However, both Orderic Vitalis and Robert de Torigny mention that he was accompanied by a very small contingent (ten knights according to Orderic), making some scholars infer that FitzOsborn went to fulfill King William's feudal obligations to Phillip. Both forces did battle on Cassel on 22 February 1071. King Philip fled together with Godfrey, bishop of Paris, both Robert and Richilde were captured but Robert was ultimately victorious. Among the dead were Arnulf III (according to some sources killed by 
Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester Gerbod the Fleming, of Oosterzele, 1st Earl of Chester, was a hereditary advocate of the Abbey of Saint Bertin at Saint-Omer, Flanders (now France) and Earl of Chester in 1070.David C. Douglas, ''William The Conqueror'' (University of California P ...
) and William FitzOsborn.  As a result of the battle Robert claimed the countship of Flanders., and Richilde's son Baldwin became count of Hainaut, where he continued to instigate hostilities against Robert. King Philip gathered some forces at Montreuil-sur-Mer, invaded Flanders and burned the town of Saint-Omer. However,  count Robert eventually negotiated a peace agreement,  later consolidated by the marriage of his stepdaughter,
Bertha of Holland Bertha of Holland ( 1055 – 15 October 1094), also known as Berthe or Bertha of Frisia and erroneously as Berta or Bertrada, was Queen of France from 1072 until 1092, as the first wife of King Philip I of France. Bertha's marriage to the king in ...
to the king.David Nicholas, ''Medieval Flanders'' (Longman Group UK Limited, 1992), p. 57  As a part of their negotiations
Corbie Corbie (; nl, Korbei) is a commune of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Geography The small town is situated up river from Amiens, in the département of Somme and is the main town of the canton of Corbie. It lie ...
, an important trade center, which had been ceded by Arnulf III in order to secure the king's help, was returned to royal control.  From then on, and until the repudiation of Bertha in 1092  (in order for king Philip I to marry Bertrade of Montfort), Flanders and France remained in very friendly terms, both of them having the new Anglo-Norman realm as a main enemy.  After the battle of Cassel, Richilde and Baldwin continued the war against Robert. To obtain funds, they enfeoffed Hainaut to the bishopric of Liege and counted with the support of
Godfrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine Godfrey IV (died 26 or 27 February 1076), known as the Hunchback, was Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1069 until his death in 1076, succeeding his father Godfrey the Bearded. In the year of his accession, he married Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, dau ...
. Close to forest of Broqueroye, Robert inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Hainaut. Later, Baldwin obtained a victory at Wavrechain.  After this, the war with Hainaut ended, with Robert as the unchallenged ruler of Flanders. Flanders became a refuge for William the Conqueror's enemies, including
Edgar Ætheling Edgar Ætheling or Edgar II (c. 1052 – 1125 or after) was the last male member of the royal house of Cerdic of Wessex. He was elected King of England by the Witenagemot in 1066, but never crowned. Family and early life Edgar was born ...
in 1075 and his rebellious son Robert Curthose in 1078/79.The relationships between England and Flanders, and between Normandy and Flanders prior to 1066 are complex and the fact that Flanders harbored fugitives from both England and Normandy did not improve the situation, yet they were not always unfriendly either; there were certainly conflicting loyalties. See: Lesley Abrams, 'England, Normandy and Scandinavia', ''Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'', Ed. C. Harper-Bill, E. van Houts (Boydell Press, 2002), 43—62. Philip Grierson contended (in his 'Relations between England and Flanders...' ''TRHS'', XXIII (1941) 71—113) that there were no close relationships between England and Flanders prior to the Norman Conquest. Renée Nip (in 'Political Relations Between England and Flanders', Anglo-Norman Studies 21 (1999), 145—168) adds that the Norman Conquest of England, even though many Flemings participated and the fact a marriage alliance between Normandy and Flanders existed, did not improve relationships between England and Flanders. Later commercial interests would change the situation significantly. See also, David Bates, ''Normandy and its Neighbours, 900—1250: Essays for David Bates'', Ed. David Crouch, Kathleen Thompson (Brepols, 2011). In 1075, Robert let the Danish fleet of king
Sweyn II of Denmark Sweyn Estridsson Ulfsson ( on, Sveinn Ástríðarson, da, Svend Estridsen; – 28 April 1076) was King of Denmark (being Sweyn II) from 1047 until his death in 1076. He was the son of Ulf Thorgilsson and Estrid Svendsdatter, and the grandson ...
use Flanders harbors in their intended expedition against England. In 1080, Robert married his daughter Adela to
Canute IV of Denmark Canute IV ( – 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy ( da, Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (''Sankt Knud''), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the Danish monarchy, ...
on his accession to the throne. In 1085 Robert and Canute planned a massive naval attack on England. The threat was big enough for William to hire mercenaries and lay waste to some coastal districts in order to difficult the supplying of an invading army. However, the rebellion of Canute's brother
Olaf Olaf or Olav (, , or British ; Old Norse: ''Áleifr'', ''Ólafr'', ''Óleifr'', ''Anleifr'') is a Scandinavian and German given name. It is presumably of Proto-Norse origin, reconstructed as ''*Anu-laibaz'', from ''anu'' "ancestor, grand-father ...
delayed the expedition, and finally Canute's assassination put a definitive end to the plan. Even before becoming count of Flanders, Robert was engaged in continued hostilities in Holland, defending the rights of his stepson Dirk V against Godfrey IV and William I (bishop of Utrecht). In 1076, the deaths of Godfrey at
Vlaardingen Vlaardingen () is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It is located on the north bank of the Nieuwe Maas river at the confluence with the Oude Maas. The municipality administers an area of , of which is land, with residents in . Geog ...
and later of William, allowed Robert and Dirk to go on the offensive. They won an important battle at Yselmond, even capturing the new bishop. Conrad.  The victory changed the course of the hostilities, allowing Dirk and future counts to reconquer the territories of the county of Holland they had lost in the past.


Relationship with the Church

The relationship between Robert and
Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint ...
was marked by the conflict between the latter and the bishops of Therouanne. Since Robert did not take action against bishop Drogo, he was excommunicated (around 1077) by bishop Raynard of Langres and papal legate Hubert.  Gregory was not pleased with the excommunication, since he could not afford another enemy in his conflict with Henry IV. He instructed his legate Hugh of Die to investigate the matter and lift the excommunication if it had been not canonical. The excommunication was probably lifted at some point after September 1079. Trouble continued under Drogo's successors, Hubert and Lambert, as Robert refused to intervene against them. Gregory threatened Robert with a new excommunication, but the threat was not carried out. During the papacy of Urban II the Flemish clergy complained about the exactions imposed by Robert at a provincial council in Rheims (around 1092). A delegation composed of Arnulf (provost of Saint Omer), Jean (abbot of Saint Bertin), Gerard (abbot of Ham) and Bernard (provost of Watten) threatened Robert with an interdict in case the exactions did not end. Robert complied and returned the goods he had confiscated.


Later years and pilgrimage to Jerusalem

Taking a considerable armed escort Robert the Frisian made a
pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
to Jerusalem in 1086 and on the return trip home spent time assisting the Byzantine Emperor (
Alexios I Komnenos Alexios I Komnenos ( grc-gre, Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, 1057 – 15 August 1118; Latinized Alexius I Comnenus) was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during ...
) against the
Seljuq Turks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turk ...
. In one battle Robert and three of his companions rode ahead of the main army charging the forces under the command of Kerbogha, whose forces the Christians scattered completely.''The Alexiad of Anna Comnena'', Trans. E.R.A. Sewter (London: The Penguin Group, 1969), p. 351. Robert died 13 October 1093.


Notes


References


{{DEFAULTSORT:Robert I, Count of Flanders 11th-century births 1093 deaths 1030s births House of Flanders Counts of Flanders