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''Ramaria flavosaponaria'' is a species of coral fungus in the family
Gomphaceae The Gomphaceae are a diverse family of fungi belonging in what is classically known as the Phallales or cladistically as the ''gomphoid-phalloid clade''. The family has 13 genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biolo ...
. It is found in the mountains of eastern
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...
from
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
and
Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 36th-largest by ...
to
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...
.


Names

The
specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bo ...
is from the ('yellow') and ('soapy'), both of which are distinguishing features of the mushroom. The name was originally published as ''Ramaria flavo-saponaria'', including a hyphen. However, this is considered erroneous by the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...
, so the proper
orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and ...
is ''Ramaria flavosaponaria''. Before being formally described in 1986 by Ron Petersen, the species was labelled in
scientific collection A scientific collection is a collection of items that are preserved, catalogued, and managed for the purpose of scientific study. Scientific collections dealing specifically with organisms plants, fungi, animals, insects and their remains, may al ...
s under various names. ''Ramaria aurea'' sensu mihi was used for its resemblance to the European ''
Ramaria aurea ''Ramaria aurea'' is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in North America and Europe. It is similar to ''Ramaria flava, R. flava''; both species are edible. References External links

* Gomphaceae Edible fungi Fungi de ...
''. It was also sometimes labeled ''Ramaria aquafaba'', at least as early as 1969, predating the 2015 coinage of the term aquafaba in an unrelated culinary usage. This term possibly relates to the use of some yellow species of ''Ramaria'' (possibly including ''R. flavosaponaria'') to make flavorful
broth Broth, also known as bouillon (), is a savory liquid made of water in which meat, fish or vegetables have been simmered for a short period of time. It can be eaten alone, but it is most commonly used to prepare other dishes, such as soups, ...
. cooked ''R. flavosaponaria'' has a beany flavor, so this 'bean water' (
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
+ ) likely led to the early ''R. aquafaba'' name.


Description

''Ramaria flavosaponaria'' is easily distinguished from related mushrooms by the brilliant gold color, the large number of aborted branchlets, a surface that feels slippery, a lack of clamp connections, and a complex
spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...
ornamentation. It is sometimes confused with ''
Ramaria aurea ''Ramaria aurea'' is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in North America and Europe. It is similar to ''Ramaria flava, R. flava''; both species are edible. References External links

* Gomphaceae Edible fungi Fungi de ...
'', which only grows in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. ''
Ramaria stuntzii The genus ''Ramaria'' comprises approximately 200 species of coral fungi. Several, such as ''Ramaria flava'', are edible and picked in Europe, though they are easily confused with several mildly poisonous species capable of causing nausea, vomiti ...
'' also lacks clamps, has small spores, and aborted branchlets, but is a bright red color and not slippery to the touch. There is also a similar '' Ramaria'' species in Nova Scotia that is bronze-colored and also not slippery.
Macroscopic The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible with the naked eye, without magnifying optical instruments. It is the opposite of microscopic. Overview When applied to physical phenomena a ...
ally ''
Ramaria primulina The genus ''Ramaria'' comprises approximately 200 species of coral fungi. Several, such as ''Ramaria flava'', are edible and picked in Europe, though they are easily confused with several mildly poisonous species capable of causing nausea, vomiti ...
'' closely resembles ''R. flavosaponaria'', but the former produces larger spores, has clamps, and flesh that is more gelatinous than soapy. ''Ramaria flavosaponaria'' has fruiting bodies up to in size that are broadly obovate to circular in shape and cespitose or scattered. The irregularly shaped stipe grows up to with much aborted branching, giving an appearance like
cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species ''Brassica oleracea'' in the genus '' Brassica'', which is in the Brassicaceae (or mustard) family. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head is eaten – t ...
. The flesh is white to yellow, does not
bruise A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises occur close ...
, but has a soapy texture without being gelatinous. The above-ground parts are weakly vinescent (turning to a
red wine Red wine is a type of wine made from dark-colored grape varieties. The color of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines. The juice from most purple gr ...
color) around particles of soil. The flesh is brittle whether dried or fresh. The odor of fresh specimens is fabaceous (bean-like), which becomes like
fenugreek Fenugreek (; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients ...
upon drying. The taste is described as moderately fabaceous, but it is not known if the species is edible. A
Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the ...
couple suffered gastrointestinal distress and cramps from a mushroom similar to the European ''R. aurea'', but if this was ''R. flavosaponaria'' or another species is uncertain. The species
tests Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to: * Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities Arts and entertainment * ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film * ''Test'' (2014 film), ...
positive with pyrogallol. It is moderately positive in response to
ferric chloride Iron(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula . Also called ferric chloride, it is a common compound of iron in the +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous compound is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The col ...
. Tincture of guaiac is negative on the branch sections but weakly positive on the surface of the stipe.
Ammonium hydroxide Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH3(aq). Although ...
and
potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K OH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which exp ...
cause bleaching. Testing with melzer's reagent is negative. The trama
hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...
e of the upper branches are no bigger than 7 μm in diameter and appear glassy, are
hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is ...
, and lack clamp connections. The areas near the
septa The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is a regional public transportation authority that operates bus, rapid transit, commuter rail, light rail, and electric trolleybus services for nearly 4 million people in five c ...
are inflated up to 15 μm and are ornamented delicately. Gloeoplerous hyphae are not present. The
hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others so ...
is thickening, with clavate
basidia A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly- ...
that also lack clamp connections. The
subcylindrical {{Short pages monitor