race (biology)

In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy for which various definitions exist. Sometimes it is used to denote a level below that of subspecies, while at other times it is used as a synonym for subspecies. It has been used as a higher rank than strain, with several strains making up one race. Races may be genetically distinct populations of individuals within the same species, Republished without known revision several times since 1999, and originally published as: or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically. Genetic isolation between races is not complete, but genetic differences may have accumulated that are not (yet) sufficient to separate species.

The term is recognized by some, but not governed by any of the formal codes of biological nomenclature. Taxonomic units below the level of subspecies are not typically applied to animals.

Other terms

In botany, the Latin words ''stirps'' and ''proles'' were traditionally used, and ''proles'' was recommended in the first botanical Code of Nomenclature, published in 1868.

Definitional approaches

Races are defined according to any identifiable characteristic, including gene frequencies. "Race differences are relative, not absolute". Adaptive differences that distinguish races can accumulate even with substantial gene flow and clinal (rather than discrete) habitat variation. Hybrid zones between races are semi-permeable barriers to gene flow, see for example the chromosome races of the Auckland tree wētā.

The term ''race'' has also historically been used in relation to domesticated animals, as another term for ''breed''; this usage survives in combining form, in the term landrace, also applied to domesticated plants. The cognate words for ''race'' in many languages ( es, link=no, raza; german: link=no, Rasse; french: link=no, race) may convey meanings the English word does not, and are frequently used in the sense of 'domestic breed'.See any comprehensive multilingual dictionaries, e.g ''The Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary''.

Distinguishing from other taxonomic ranks

If the races are sufficiently different or if they have been tested to show little genetic connection regardless of phenotype, two or more groups/races can be identified as subspecies or (in botany, mycology, and phycology) another infraspecific rank), and given a name. Ernst Mayr wrote that a subspecies can be "a that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name." An abridgment and revision of ''Animal Species and Evolution'' (1963).

Study of populations preliminarily labelled races may sometimes lead to classification of a new species. For example, in 2008, two populations of the brown planthopper (''Nilaparvata lugens'') in the Philippines, one adapted to feeding on rice, and another on ''Leersia hexandra'' grass, were reclassified from races into "two distinct, but very closely allied, sympatric species", based on poor survival rate when given the opposite food source, barriers to hybridization between the populations, uniform preference for mating between members of the same population, differences in mating sounds, oviposition variances, and other distinguishable characteristics.

For pathogenic bacteria adapted to particular hosts, races can be formally named as pathovars. For parasitic organisms governed by the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'', the term ''forma specialis'' (plural ''formae speciales'') is used.

In mycology and phytopathology

Classification of fungal microbes into races is done frequently in mycology, the study of fungi, and especially in phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, which are often fungal. The term "physiologic race" was recommended for use over "biologic form" at the International Botanical Congress of 1935. Although historically the term has been used inconsistently by plant pathologists, the modern trend is to use race to refer to "groups of host genotypes permitting characterization of virulence" (in simpler terms: grouping the parasitic fungi into races based on how strongly they affect particular host plants).

Commercial ''Cucumis melo'' (cantaloupe and muskmelon) production, for example, has been engaged in a biological "arms race", since 1925, against cucurbit powdery mildew, caused by successively arising races of '' Podosphaera xanthii'' fungus, with new cultivars of melons being developed for resistance to these pathogens.

A 2004 literature review of this issue concluded that "race identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry", but was seen as having little utility in horticulture for choosing specific cultivars, because of the rapidity with which the local pathogen population can change geographically, seasonally, and by host plant.

Classification of fungal races can be difficult because host plants' responses to particular populations of fungi can be affected by humidity, light, temperature, and other environmental factors; different host plants may not all respond to particular fungal populations or vice versa; and identification of genetic differences between populations thought to form distinct fungal races can be elusive.

See also

* Breed
* Cultivar
* Intergradation
* Plant variety (several definitions)
* Population
* Ring species
* Species complex

References

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Speciation
Taxa by rank