Rosh Ha'Ayin

Rosh HaAyin (; ) is a city in the Central District of Israel. It is located in the eastern ravine of the Sharon River, opposite the Samaria Mountains. The city is named after its location at the source of the Yarkon River (“Ras” meaning source, “Ein-Zaarka” meaning spring).

Rosh HaAyin was declared a city in 1994 and covers an area of approximately 16,000 dunams. Its eastern neighborhoods border the Green Line, and the city forms the boundary between the Central District and the Judea and Samaria District. The city is one of the fastest-growing cities in Israel. As of August 2025, its population stands at 77,909 residents, with an annual growth rate of 8%.

History

Rosh HaAyin was founded in 1949 on the lands of the Palestinian village of Majdal Yaba, which was captured by Zionist forces in July 1948. The episode formed part of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the Nakba.

Contemporary Rosh HaAyin lies between several sites of historic habitation, with records of occupation dating back hundreds, thousands, or, in one case, hundreds of thousands, of years.

The built-up part of Majdal Yaba lay to the south of contemporary Rosh HaAyin, on elevated land that today lies within the Migdal Afek national park. At the centre of the park is the ruin of a mid-19th Century fortified manor house. Abstract se
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The ruins contain remnants of a crusader fort, Castle Mirabel, which was an important administrative location for the Crusaders until 1187, when it was taken by Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known as Saladin. It was known as Majdal Yaba by, at the latest, the early 13th Century, when it was recorded by geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi.

To the north-west of Rosh HaAyin, in the contemporary Yarkon Park, lies the ruins of Ottoman fortress of Ras Al-Ayn (), which was built following a decree issued in 1537.

Ras-al Ain means "head of the spring" in Arabic, a reference to the source of the Al-Auja river, which still springs up nearby, and is known in Hebrew as the Yarkon. The same phrase rendered in Turkish, ''pınar başı'', was also used to refer to the location, and when rendered in Hebrew gives Rosh HaAyin, the name of the contemporary town a short distance away. A typical Arabic mispronunciation of the Turkish name, substituting "b" for "p", gave the fortress another of its local names: Binar Bashi. The crusaders knew the site as Surdi Fontes, or "silent springs."

There was an Arab village at Ras al-Ain during the British mandate. According to a study edited by the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, by 1948 it had been "deserted since the 1920s"., p. 396

Today, the fortress is often referred to as the Antipatros fort, or in Hebrew as Tel Aphek (also transliterated as Tel Afek). However, the physical remains of the fort itself do not date from the Roman city of Antipatris, which was founded on the same site by Herod in the First Century BC, nor from any of the ancient sites known as Tel Aphek.

In ''The Jewish War'', historian Josephus mentions a tower at Aphek, which he implies is near to, but not collocated with, Antipatris. His account concerns the Roman general Cestius:

To the east of contemporary Rosh HaAyin, between the neighbourhood of Neve Afek and the adjacent town of Kfar Qasim, is Qesem cave, an archaeological site containing evidence of human habitation dating back 400,000 years. It has provided some of the earliest evidence of the consistent use of fire by early humans.

Since 1949

Many of the early residents were religious Yemenite Jews airlifted to Israel in 1949 and 1950 in Operation Magic Carpet. They added Biblical words from Exodus 19:4 to the city's logo: "I (God) carried You on eagles' wings." The place was one of the Israel Ma'abarot (transit camps) in the 1950s.

In the 1990s, new neighborhoods were built, although the town still has a large Yemeni-Jewish population.

Archaeology

In 2015, archaeologists discovered a large ancient farmhouse. Among the other artifacts that were exposed in the farmhouse there were two silver coins from the fourth century BCE that bear the goddess Athena and the Owl of Athena. In addition, a monastery dating to the Byzantine period was discovered on one of the hills in the area and included a church, an oil press, residential quarters, and stables equipped with mangers and troughs, etc. In the church were colorful mosaics and also numerous Greek inscriptions.

Demographics

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2018, the ethnic make-up of the city was 97.9% Jewish, with a predominant number of young people below the age of 19. The population growth rate was 9.7% at the end of 2019. In the 2021–2022 school year, 79.5% of 12th-grade students were eligible for a matriculation certificate. The average monthly salary of employees in 2021 was 13,292 NIS, compared to the national average of 11,330 NIS. As of the end of February 2025 (estimate), Rosh HaAyin had a population of 78,717 residents, including 77,909 Israeli citizens, ranking it 25th among local authorities in Israel. The city’s annual population growth rate is approximately 1.8%.

Economy

According to the CBS, there were 10,972 salaried workers and 1,033 self-employed in 2000. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was NIS 6,595, an increase of 11.2% over the course of 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of NIS 8,408 (a real change of 7.8%) versus NIS 4,857 for females (a real change of 13.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,853. 628 people received unemployment benefits, and 1,057 received an income supplement.

In 2004, the company discovered oil at the Meged 5 oil field near Rosh HaAyin. It is one of the largest on-shore oil fields in Israel. It began production in 2010, and produces oil as well as some natural gas. Its proven oil reserves are about .
TTI Telecom is located in Rosh HaAyin.

Education

According to the CBS, there are 24 schools in Rosh Ha'ayin, with an enrollment of 8,288. Eighteen were elementary schools, with an enrollment of 5,043, and high schools, have an enrollment of 3,245. In 2001, 58.8% of Rosh Ha'ayin's 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate.

High schools

* Atid Religious' boys high school
* Yehuda Halevi-Begin high school
* Darchei Elisha religious' boys high school
* Zvulun religious' girls high school

Sports

Ironi Rosh HaAyin is a professional beach soccer club. Initially founded in 2004 by Eran Aviv as a futsal team in the Israeli Futsal League, the club switched to beach soccer in 2007, joining the Israeli Beach Soccer League. They won their first national title in 2011, claiming the Israeli Beach Soccer League championship.

On the international stage, Ironi Rosh HaAyin has enjoyed notable success, including winning the Euro Winners Challenge in 2022 and the Capital Cup in 2008. In the 2022 Euro Winners Cup, the team finished 5th out of 60 clubs. The club's international results also include reaching the Round of 32 in the 2021 Euro Winners Cup and securing a dominant performance in the 2022 Euro Winners Challenge, where they won the title with six wins and just one loss.

The team features a mix of Israeli and Brazilian players, with captain Gabriel Novaes, goalkeeper Assaf Raz, and forward Edson Hulk among the key figures. The club is managed by Tzahi Ilos, who guided them to their Euro Winners Challenge victory.

Ironi Rosh HaAyin's honours include winning the Euro Winners Challenge in 2022 and the Capital Cup in 2008 at the international level. Domestically, they secured the Israeli Beach Soccer League championship in 2011.

Culture

Yemenite Jewish Heritage Museum

The Yemenite Jewish Heritage Museum () is located in the last remaining building of the Mandatory Palestine. The museum displays photographs, documents, certificates, sacred books, ancient manuscripts, household items, traditional clothing, and numerous artifacts depicting Jewish life in Yemen and their integration into Israel. A film about Jewish life in Sana'a and the Henna ceremony is screened at the museum.

The museum also houses a learning center containing extensive literature on Yemenite Jewish heritage, including history, literature, poetry, folklore, and other related subjects.

Rosh HaAyin Torah Core

The "Ruach Hadasha" ( New Spirit) is a registered nonprofit organization comprising about thirty families, with dozens more families participating in its activities. Its primary goals include establishing a spiritual-ethical center for local residents.

City of Music

In recent years, the city council of Rosh HaAyin has been branding the city as the "City of Music." As part of this initiative, significant resources have been invested in musical education. One of the key projects is the "Sounds of Music Promenade," a scenic walkway built along the Raba Stream, featuring musical elements. Additionally, many of the city's roundabouts are decorated with statues of musical instruments and musicians.

In 2007, the Rosh HaAyin Music Center was established. It includes the municipal conservatory, the "Mizmorei Teiman" ( Yemenite Melodies) choir, and various other music programs. Each year during the Sukkot holiday, the city hosts a music and food festival called "Timna" in the Lev HaIr Park (Heart of the City Park). The festival runs for several days, from the afternoon into the night, and features live performances, and food stalls.

Culture Hall

In 2023, the Kimerling Culture Hall was inaugurated, featuring a performance auditorium with over 600 seats.

Heritage

A cave, discovered during construction work in the residential neighborhood of Psagot Afek, contains remarkable speleothems, notably stalactites.

Transportation

Public transportation

The city of Rosh HaAyin is served by Afikim and Egged bus companies. These, especially Afikim, serve internal transit, and they connect Rosh HaAyin to nearby towns such as Kafr Qasim and Petah Tikva, to Tel Aviv, as well as along Highway 5 to the settlement of Ariel in the West Bank.

The city is served by Rosh HaAyin North railway station, located northwest of the city. Herzliya–Ashkelon line runs through this station, which connects Rosh HaAyin to Herzliya in the Northern direction, and to Petah Tikva, Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon in the Southern direction.

Roads

The city is located at the interchange between Highway 6 (Trans-Israel Highway) and Highway 5 (Trans-Samaria Highway). Westbound Highway 5 provides connections to North-South thoroughfares that connect to localities in the Tel Aviv Metro Area. Eastbound Highway 5 crosses into the Occupied West Bank, passing through Kafr Qassem/Kafr 'Ein Checkpoint. This highway provides connections to several settlements such as Ariel. Southbound Highway 6 provides connections to Jerusalem, Ben Gurion Airport, and further south to Beersheba. Northbound Highway 6 provides connections to Haifa and Galilee.

Route 444 connects the city to its southern neighbors like El'ad and its northern neighbor Jaljulia. Route 483 connects Rosh HaAyin to Petah Tikva to the west.

The city is also collected to Kafr Qassem via a bridge over Highway 5.

Airport

The closest major airport to the city is Ben Gurion Airport near Lod. The airport is located about 25km to the South, accessible via Highway 6.

City Structure

Neighborhoods of the City

* Old neighborhoods: Aviv, Harkafim, Tzahal (IDF), Rambam, Shabazi, and Mishkenot HaMusica.
* New neighborhoods: Givat Tal, Mitzpe Afek, Givat HaSelaim, Neve Afek (military and civilian), and Psagat Tal.
* Neighborhoods under construction: Psagot Afek.

Development Plans

* Migdal Afek National Park - The transformation of Migdal Afek, located south of the city, into a national park and metropolitan recreation area. The complex is planned to include an agricultural farm, riding stables, bicycle paths, adventure sports, and an amphitheater.
* Lev Yisrael Employment Park - A planned center for employment, high-tech, and housing in the northwestern part of Rosh HaAyin, near Kafr Qasim. The park resulted from an unusual cooperation between the urban settlement (Rosh HaAyin) and the kibbutzim Givat HaShlosha and Horashim in the early 1990s. Under an agreement between Rosh HaAyin and the kibbutzim, land was annexed from the kibbutzim to Rosh HaAyin for the joint establishment of the park. The park is expected to cover about 1,000 dunams, with half dedicated to a residential neighborhood (about 1,000 housing units) and the other half for commercial and employment spaces (including what is planned to be Israel's largest mall on 100,000 m² of the space), movie theaters, convention halls, and cultural centers.
* Tzlilei HaMusica Promenade - A promenade along Nahal Raba, stretching from the Rosh HaAyin Forest in the city's east to Lev HaIr Park. The promenade's total length is about 26 km, with 7 km within the city.
* Psagot Afek Neighborhood Project - A joint venture between the municipality and the Ministry of Construction and Housing

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