This list of Roman civil wars and revolts includes

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

s and organized

civil disorder Civil disorder, also known as civil disturbance, civil unrest, civil strife, or turmoil, are situations when law enforcement and security forces struggle to Public order policing, maintain public order or tranquility. Causes Any number of thin ...

, revolts, and rebellions in

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

(

Roman Kingdom The Roman Kingdom, also known as the Roman monarchy and the regal period of ancient Rome, was the earliest period of Ancient Rome, Roman history when the city and its territory were King of Rome, ruled by kings. According to tradition, the Roma ...

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...

, and

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

) until the

fall of the Western Roman Empire The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast ...

(753 BC – AD 476). For the Eastern Roman Empire or

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived History of the Roman Empire, the events that caused the ...

after the division of the Empire in West and East, see List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars (AD 330–1453). For external conflicts, see List of Roman external wars and battles. From the establishment of the

in 509 BC until the 1st century BC, there were a sparse number of civil wars. But with the

Crisis of the Roman Republic The crisis of the Roman Republic was an extended period of political instability and social unrest from about to 44 BC that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire. The causes and attributes of the cri ...

(134–44 BC), a period of considerable political instability began. The cause of the late Roman Republican civil wars is contested, as is whether the wars were the cause of, or caused by, the end of the Roman Republic. Regardless, a nearly constant stream of civil wars marked the end of the Roman Republic and heralded the rise of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. The first century of Empire was marked by widespread revolt through territory

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

had captured in the preceding centuries. The second century AD was relatively peaceful, with a limited number of revolts. Political instability returned to the Empire with the

Crisis of the Third Century The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis, was a period in History of Rome, Roman history during which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated Barbarian invasions ...

(235–284 AD), which saw at least 26 civil wars in just 50 years as usurpers sought the imperial throne. The fourth and fifth centuries AD were characterized by a regular rising of usurpers. The overthrow of the last Western Roman emperor in AD 476 by the Germanic king Odoacer marked the final civil war or revolt, as well as the end of the Western

. Because the study of Roman civil war has been deeply influenced by historic Roman views on civil war, not all entries on this list may be considered civil wars by modern historians. Implicit in most Roman power struggles was a propaganda battle, which impacted how the struggle would be chronicled and referred to. For example, historians Lange & Vervaet suggest that the crisis after Caesar's assassination might be better understood as an internal emergency. Conversely, some revolts on this list may be properly considered to be civil wars, but were not referred to as such by Roman chroniclers. As Lange & Vervaet note, "civil war often refuses to speak its name."

6th century BC

* 509 BC

Overthrow of the Roman monarchy The overthrow of the Roman monarchy was an event in ancient Rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing King of Rome, Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus wit ...

* 509 BC Tarquinian conspiracy

5th century BC

* 500 BC–287/286 BC

Conflict of the Orders The Conflict of the Orders or the Struggle of the Orders was a political struggle between the plebeians (commoners) and patricians (aristocrats) of the ancient Roman Republic lasting from 500 BC to 287 BC in which the plebeians sought political ...

– political struggle between the

plebeians In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not Patrician (ancient Rome), patricians, as determined by the Capite censi, census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Et ...

and patricians of the

3rd century BC

* 269 BC: Revolt of the Samnites guided by Lollius - revolt suppressed * 269-268 BC: Picenti revolt - revolt suppressed and their land is conquered * 265-264 BC: Revolt of the Etruscan city ''

Volsinii Volsinii or Vulsinii (Etruscan language, Etruscan: Velzna or Velusna; Ancient Greek, Greek: Ouolsinioi, ; ), is the name of two ancient cities of Etruria, one situated on the shore of Lacus Volsiniensis (modern Lago di Bolsena), and the other on ...

'': revolt suppressed with city being destroyed * 241 BC:

Falisci The Falisci were an Italic peoples, Italic tribe who lived in what is now northern Lazio, on the Etruscan side of the Tiber River. They spoke an Italic languages, Italic language, Faliscan language, Faliscan, closely related to Latin. Origina ...

revolt – revolt suppressed and their city destroyed * 216–203 BC: Defection of Rome's Italic allies to the Carthaginians during the

second Punic war The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

2nd century BC

* 135–132 BC: First Servile War in

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

- slave revolt suppressed * 125 BC: Fregellae's revolt - revolt suppressed * 104–100 BC: Second Servile War in Sicily - slave revolt suppressed

1st century BC

* 91–87 BC: Social War, between Rome and many of its fellow Italian allies – Roman victory. ** 89 BC – Battle of Fucine Lake – Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels. ** 89 BC – Battle of Asculum – Roman army of C. Pompeius Strabo decisively defeats the rebels. * 88 BC: Sulla's first march on Rome, causing his enemy, Gaius Marius, to be outlawed * '' Bellum Octavianum'' (87 BC), civil war between the consuls Cornelius Cinna and Octavius – Cinnan victory. * Sulla's civil war (83–81 BC), fought between Sulla and Cinna's supporters – Sullan victory. Some regard the entire 88–82 BC period as one of Roman civil war. ** 82 BC – *** Battle of the Asio River – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats a Popular army under Gaius Carrinas. *** Battle of Sacriporto – Fought between the

Optimates ''Optimates'' (, ; Latin for "best ones"; ) and ''populares'' (; Latin for "supporters of the people"; ) are labels applied to politicians, political groups, traditions, strategies, or ideologies in the late Roman Republic. There is "heated ...

under

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

and the Populares under Gaius Marius the Younger, Optimate victory. *** First Battle of Clusium – Fought between the Optimates under Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix and the Populares under Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Popular victory. *** Battle of Faventia – Fought between the Optimates under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius and the Populares under Gaius Norbanus Balbus, Optimate victory. *** Battle of Fidentia – Fought between the Optimates under Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus and the Populares under Lucius Quincius, Optimate victory. *** Second Battle of Clusium – Pompei Magnus defeats a numerically superior Populares army under Gaius Carrinas and Gaius Marcius Censorinus. *** Battle of Colline Gate –

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

defeats Samnites allied to the popular party in Rome in the decisive battle of the Civil War. * Sertorian War (80–72 BC) between Rome and the provinces of

Hispania Hispania was the Ancient Rome, Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two Roman province, provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divide ...

under the leadership of Quintus Sertorius, a former supporter of Marius and Cinna – Sullan victory. ** 80 BC – Battle of the Baetis River – Rebel forces under Quintus Sertorius defeat the legal Roman forces of Lucius Fufidius in Hispania. ** 79 BC – Battle at the Anas River – Sertorius' legate Lucius Hirtuleius defeats the Sullan Governor Marcus Domitius Calvinus, who dies in the altercation. ** 76 BC – Battle of Lauron – Sertorius defeats

Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey ( ) or Pompey the Great, was a Roman general and statesman who was prominent in the last decades of the Roman Republic. ...

outside the walls of the city of Lauron, which he then razes to the ground. ** 75 BC – *** Battle of Valentia – Pompey defeats Sertorius' subordinates Marcus Perperna Veiento and Gaius Herennius near Valentia. *** Battle of Italica – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats Hirtuleius near the Roman colony of Italica. *** Battle of Sucro – Sertorius and Pompey clash near the banks of the Sucro River. Both armies lose a wing and the battle ends in a draw. *** Battle of Saguntum – Sertorius, Perperna and Hirtuleius battle with Metellus and Pompey. The battle ends in a draw, with heavy losses on both sides: Gaius Memmius and Hirtuleius die. *** Siege of Clunia – Sertorius lay sieged in Clunia with Metellus and Pompey outside. He eventually extricates himself, rejoins with his army, and resumes the war. ** 74 BC – Siege of Calgurris – Sertorius defeats a besieging Roman army at the fortress town of Calgurris. ** 73/72 BC – Battle of Osca – Perperna leads the Sertorians in battle against Pompey after assassinating Sertorius, near Osca. Pompey defeats him, ending the Sertorian War. * 77 BC: Lepidus' rebellion against the Sullan regime – Sullan victory. *

Third Servile War The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars. This third rebellion was the only one that directl ...

in Italy (73–71 BC) – slave revolt suppressed. ** 73 BC – Battle of Mount Vesuvius –

Spartacus Spartacus (; ) was a Thracians, Thracian gladiator (Thraex) who was one of the Slavery in ancient Rome, escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major Slave rebellion, slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Historical accounts o ...

defeats Gaius Claudius Glaber ** 72 BC – Battle of Picenum – Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat a Roman army led by Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus ** 72 BC – Battle of Mutina I – Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat another army of Romans. ** 71 BC – *** Battle of Cantenna – Roman forces defeated a detached of Spartacus' army led by gladiators Gannicus and Castus *** Battle of Campania – Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat a Roman army. *** Battle of Campania II – a Roman army under Marcus Crassus defeats Spartacus's army of slaves. *** Battle of the Siler River – Marcus Crassus defeats the army of Spartacus. * Catilinarian conspiracy (63–62 BC) – failed coup d'état by the dissatisfied followers of Catiline against the Senate – Senatorial victory. ** 62 BC, January – Battle of Pistoria – The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies under Gaius Antonius. * 54–53 BC: Ambiorix's revolt, part of the larger

Gallic Wars The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland). Gauls, Gallic, Germanic peoples, Germanic, and Celtic Britons, Brittonic trib ...

. *

Caesar's civil war Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Julius Caesar and Pompey. The main cause of the war was political tensions relating to Caesar's place in the Republic on his expected ret ...

(49–45 BC) between

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil wa ...

and the

initially led by Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) – Caesarian victory. ** 49 BC, February – Siege of Corfinium – The siege lasted only a week, the defenders surrendered themselves to Caesar. ** 49 BC, 9 March – 18 March – Siege of Brundisium – Caesar tried to blockade the harbour, Pompey abandoned the city. ** 49 BC, June – Battle of Ilerda – Caesar's army surround Pompeian forces and cause them to surrender. ** 49 BC, 24 August – Battle of the Bagradas River – Caesar's general Gaius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia. Curio is killed in battle.Julius Caesar— The Civil Wars, Chapter 42 ** 48 BC, 10 July – Battle of Dyrrhachium – Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia ** 48 BC, 29 July – Siege of Gomphi – The city fell in a few hours and Caesar's men were allowed to sack Gomphi. ** 48 BC, 9 August – Battle of Pharsalus – Caesar decisively defeats

, who flees to Egypt ** 47 BC, February – Battle of the Nile – Caesar defeats the forces of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII ** 46 BC, 4 January – Battle of Ruspina – Caesar loses perhaps as much as a third of his army to Titus Labienus ** 46 BC, 6 February – Battle of Thapsus – Caesar defeats the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in North Africa. ** 45 BC, 17 March – Battle of Munda – In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompey the Younger in Hispania. Labienus is killed in the battle and the Younger Pompey captured and executed. * 46 BC: Revolt of the Bellovaci in North-Eastern Gaul – revolt suppressed * 44 BC: Revolt of the

Allobroges The Allobroges (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Allobrogis'', 'foreigner, exiled'; ) were a Gauls, Gallic people dwelling in a large territory between the Rhône river and the Alps during the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman period. The Allob ...

in Gaul – revolt suppressed * War of Mutina (December 44 – April 43 BC) between the

Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

's army (led first by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

and then by Octavian) and the army of

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman people, Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the Crisis of the Roman Republic, transformation of the Roman Republic ...

, Lepidus, and their colleagues – Truce results in union of forces. ** 43 BC, 14 April – Battle of Forum Gallorum – Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. **43 BC, 21 April: Battle of Mutina – Senatorial victory over Mark Antony. * Liberators' civil war (44–42 BC) between the

Second Triumvirate The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created at the end of the Roman republic for Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November ...

and the Liberators ( Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's assassins) – Triumvirate victory. ** 43 BC, 21 April – Battle of Mutina – Antony is again defeated in battle by Hirtius, who is killed. Although Antony fails to capture Mutina, Decimus Brutus is murdered shortly thereafter. ** 42 BC, 3 October – First Battle of Philippi – Triumvirs

and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. Although Brutus defeats Octavian, Antony defeats Cassius, who commits suicide. ** 42 BC, 23 October – Second Battle of Philippi – Brutus's army is decisively defeated by Antony and Octavian. Brutus escapes, but commits suicide soon after. * '' Bellum Siculum'' (42–36 BC), war between the

(particularly Octavian and Agrippa) and Sextus Pompey, the son of Pompey – Triumvirate victory. ** 36 BC – Battle of Naulochus – Octavian's fleet, under the command of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa defeats the forces of the rebel Sextus Pompeius. * Perusine War (41–40 BC) between the forces of Octavian against Lucius Antonius and Fulvia (the younger brother and wife of Mark Antony) – Octavian victory. ** 41 BC – Battle of Perugia – Mark Antony's brother Lucius Antonius and his wife Fulvia are defeated by Octavian. * 38 BC: Revolt of Aquitanian tribes – revolt suppressed by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa * War of Actium or Final War of the Roman Republic (32–30 BC): between Octavian and his friend and general Agrippa against Antony and

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...

– Octavian victory. ** 31 BC, 2 September – Battle of Actium – Octavian decisively defeats Antony and

in a naval battle near Greece. * 30–29 BC: Revolt of the Morini and Treveri in Northern Gaul with Germanic support – revolt suppressed * 30 BC: Revolt in the

Nile delta The Nile Delta (, or simply , ) is the River delta, delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's larger deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the eas ...

and the

Thebaid The Thebaid or Thebais (, ''Thēbaïs'') was a region in ancient Egypt, comprising the 13 southernmost nome (Egypt), nomes of Upper Egypt, from Abydos, Egypt, Abydos to Aswan. Pharaonic history The Thebaid acquired its name from its proximit ...

– revolt suppressed by Gaius Cornelius Gallus * 28–27 BC: Revolt in

Gallia Aquitania Gallia Aquitania (, ), also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a list of Roman provinces, province of the Roman Empire. It lies in present-day southwest France and the Comarques of Catalonia, comarca of Val d'Aran in northeast Spain, wher ...

– revolt suppressed by Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus * 13 BC: Revolt of Vologases, priest of

Dionysus In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, myth, Dionysus (; ) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre. He was also known as Bacchus ( or ; ...

, in

Thrace Thrace (, ; ; ; ) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe roughly corresponding to the province of Thrace in the Roman Empire. Bounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, the Aegean Sea to the south, and the Black Se ...

– revolt suppressed * 11–9 BC: Revolt of southern mountain tribes in Thrace – revolt suppressed by Calpurnius Piso * 4 BC: Revolt of Jews in

Judea Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Palestine and Israel. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the pres ...

– revolt suppressed by

Publius Quinctilius Varus Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC or before – September AD 9) was a Roman general and politician. Serving under Augustus, who founded the Roman Empire, he is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutob ...

1st century

* 3–6: Revolt of the Gaetuli in

Mauretania Mauretania (; ) is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb. It extended from central present-day Algeria to the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, encompassing northern present-day Morocco, and from the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean in the ...

– revolt suppressed by Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus * 6: Revolt of Judas of Galilee against Roman taxation – revolt suppressed * Bellum Batonianum (6–9) – An alliance of tribes numbering more than 200,000 people in Illyricum rose in rebellion against Rome, but were suppressed by Roman legions led by

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

and

Germanicus Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a Roman people, Roman general and politician most famously known for his campaigns against Arminius in Germania. The son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia the Younger, Germanicu ...

. * 9:

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, also called the Varus Disaster or Varian Disaster () by Ancient Rome, Roman historians, was a major battle fought between an alliance of Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire between September 8 and 11, 9&nbs ...

– Cherusci-born Roman commander

Arminius Arminius (; 18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the Germanic peoples, Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, in which three Roman legions under th ...

defected to a coalition Germanic rebel groups, who jointly ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions under

, prompting retaliation campaigns by the Romans. The revolt was eventually successful, and the Roman Empire abandoned all its holdings northeast of the Rhine. See also Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16). * 14: Mutiny of the legions in Germania and Illyricum suppressed by

and

Drusus Julius Caesar Drusus Julius Caesar (7 October – 14 September AD 23), also called Drusus the Younger, was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire following the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19. He was born at Rome to a ...

* 17–24: Tacfarinas' revolt in north Africa – revolt suppressed by Publius Cornelius Dolabella * 21: Revolt of Sacrovir – revolt of the Treveri, Aedui, Andes (Andecavi) and Turoni under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir in Gaul – revolt suppressed by Gaius Silius and Gaius Calpurnius Aviola * 21: Revolt of the

Coelaletae Koilaletoi () or Coilaletae or Coelaletae is the name of a Thracian tribe. Other parts of this tribe were, the Coelaletae Maiores and Coelaletae Minores. They are mentioned by Tacitus. See also * List of Thracian tribes References Ancient ...

, Odrysae and Dii in Thrace – revolt suppressed by P. Vellaeus * 26: Revolt in

– revolt suppressed by Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus * 28: Battle of Baduhenna Wood: revolt of the

Frisii The Frisii were an ancient tribe, who were neighbours of the Roman empire in the low-lying coastal region between the Rhine and the Ems (river), Ems rivers, in what what is now the northern Netherlands. They are not mentioned in Roman records af ...

– pyrrhic Roman victory * 36: Revolt of the Cietae in

Cappadocia Cappadocia (; , from ) is a historical region in Central Anatolia region, Turkey. It is largely in the provinces of Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. Today, the touristic Cappadocia Region is located in Nevşehir ...

– revolt suppressed by Marcus Trebellius * 38: Alexandrian riots * 40: Alexandrian riots * 40–44: Revolt of Aedemon and Sabalus in Mauretania – revolt suppressed by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta * 42: Failed usurpation of Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus in Dalmatia * 46: Riots in the Kingdom of Thrace against the Romans after the death of King Rhoemetalces III – revolt suppressed * 46–48: Jacob and Simon uprising in the Galilee – revolt suppressed * 60–61:

Boudican revolt The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain. It took place circa AD 60–61 in the Roman province of Britain, and it was led by Boudica, the Queen of the Ice ...

Iceni The Iceni ( , ) or Eceni were an ancient tribe of eastern Britain during the British Iron Age, Iron Age and early Roman Britain, Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the ar ...

, Trinovantes and other Celtic tribes in Britannia commanded by queen

Boudica Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brittonic languages, Brythonic * 'victory, win' + * 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh language, Welsh as , ) was a queen of the Iceni, ancient ...

– revolt suppressed by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus ** 60 – Battle of Camulodunum – Boudica began her uprising against the Romans by capturing and then sacking Camulodunum, then moved on

Londinium Londinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule. Most twenty-first century historians think that it was originally a settlement established shortly after the Roman conquest of Brit ...

. ** 61 – Battle of Watling Street – Boudica was defeated by Suetonius Paullinus * First Jewish–Roman War (66–73) – revolt suppressed ** 66 – Battle of Beth-Horon – Jewish forces led by Eleazar ben Simon defeated a Roman punitive force led by Cestius Gallus, Governor of Syria ** 73 – Siege of Masada – The Sicarii were defeated by the Romans under Lucius Flavius Silva, leading them to commit mass suicide * Year of the Four Emperors (68–69) – Roman war of succession between various Roman pretenders following the death of

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...

(AD 68). After Nero's suicide, the generals Galba, Otho, and Vitellius took the throne within months of each other. General Vespasian, who until that point had been fighting the revolt in Judaea, was victorious, and founded the

Flavian dynasty The Flavian dynasty, lasting from 69 to 96 CE, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the Roman Empire following the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Julio-Claudians, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian. Th ...

. ** 68: Revolt in Gallia Lugdunensis under Gaius Julius Vindex – revolt suppressed by Lucius Verginius Rufus' army ** 69 – *** Winter – Battle of 'Forum Julii' – Othonian forces defeated a small group of Vitellianist

auxilia The (; ) were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen Roman legion, legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 27 BC. By the 2nd century, the contained the same number of infantry as the ...

ries in Gallia Narbonensis *** 14 April – First Battle of Bedriacum – Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeated Emperor Otho and seized the throne. *** 24 October – Second Battle of Bedriacum – Forces under Antonius Primus, the commander of the Danube armies, loyal to

Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolida ...

, defeated the forces of Emperor Vitellius. ** 69–70: Revolt of the Batavi, Treveri and Lingones in Gaul – revolt suppressed * 69: Revolt of Anicetus in

Colchis In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Its population, the ...

– revolt suppressed by Virdius Geminus * 79–80: Failed usurpation of Terentius Maximus, a Pseudo-Nero, in Asia * 89: Revolt of Lucius Antonius Saturninus with two legions in

Germania Superior Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon ('' Vesont ...

– revolt suppressed

2nd century

* Kitos War (115–117) – traditionalist Jewish revolt against Rome *

Bar Kokhba revolt The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD) was a major uprising by the Jews of Judaea (Roman province), Judaea against the Roman Empire, marking the final and most devastating of the Jewish–Roman wars. Led by Simon bar Kokhba, the rebels succeeded ...

(132–135/136) – traditionalist Jewish revolt against Rome *

Year of the Five Emperors The Year of the Five Emperors was AD 193, in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus. This year started a period of civil war when multiple rulers vie ...

(193–197): Roman war of succession between the generals

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the ...

Pescennius Niger Gaius Pescennius Niger (c. 135 – 194) was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 during the Year of the Five Emperors. He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Didius Julianus, but was defeated by a ...

and Clodius Albinus following the assassination of

Commodus Commodus (; ; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father Marcus Aurelius and then ruling alone from 180. Commodus's sole reign is commonly thought to mark the end o ...

(AD 192) and the subsequent murders of Pertinax and

Didius Julianus Marcus Didius Julianus (; 29 January 133 – 2 June 193) was Roman emperor from March to June 193, during the Year of the Five Emperors. Julianus had a promising political career, governing several provinces, including Dalmatia (Roman province) ...

(AD 193). Severus was victorious and founded the

Severan dynasty The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. It was founded by the emperor Septimius Severus () and Julia Domna, his wife, when Septimius emerged victorious from civil war of 193 - 197, ...

. ** 193 – Battle of Cyzicus –

, the new Emperor, defeated his eastern rival

** 193 – Battle of Nicaea – Severus again defeated Niger ** 194 – Battle of Issus – Severus finally defeated Niger. ** 197, 19 February – Battle of Lugdunum – Emperor Septimius Severus defeated and killed his rival Clodius Albinus, securing full control over the Empire.

3rd century

* 218, 8 June: Battle of Antioch, fought between the Emperor Macrinus and his rival

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus ( ) and Heliogabalus ( ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short r ...

(Varius Avitus) and resulting in Macrinus' downfall and his replacement by Elagabalus. * 219: Failed usurpations of Verus and Gellius Maximus in Syria. * 221: Failed usurpation of Seleucus, possibly in

Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; ) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River. As a Roman domain Moesia was administered at first by the governor of Noricum as 'Civitates of Moesia and Triballi ...

* 227: Failed usurpation of Seius Sallustius in Rome * 232: Failed usurpation of Taurinius in Syria.

Crisis of the Third Century

* 235–284:

– at least 26 claimants fought with each other to become emperor and emperors fought against usurpers, resulting in frequent civil war and breakaway Gallic Roman (260–274) and

Palmyrene Empire The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. Named after its capital city, Palmyra, it encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, and Egypt ...

s (270–273). * 238: Year of the Six Emperors between various generals against Maximinus Thrax and after his murder. ** 238 – Battle of Carthage – Troops loyal to the Roman Emperor

Maximinus Thrax Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax" () was a Roman emperor from 235 to 238. Born of Thracian origin – given the nickname ''Thrax'' ("the Thracian") – he rose up through the military ranks, ultimately holding high command in the army of th ...

defeat and kill his successor Gordian II. After

Gordian I Gordian I (; 158 – April 238) was Roman emperor for 22 days with his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Caught up in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he was defeated in battle and committed suicide after ...

and Gordian II are defeated by a pro-Maximinus Army following an attempt to overthrow the emperor, Maximinus is assassinated. Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian III replace him, but the former two are assassinated within months and only Gordian III survives. * 240: Failed usurpation of Sabinianus in Mauretania * 248–249: Failed usurpations of Jotapianus in Syria and Pacatianus in Moesia. * 249: Emperor

Philip the Arab Philip I (; – September 249), commonly known as Philip the Arab, was Roman emperor from 244 to 249. After the death of Gordian III in February 244, Philip, who had been Praetorian prefect, rose to power. He quickly negotiated peace with the S ...

killed and overthrown by rebels at the Battle of Verona and replaced by

Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius ( 201June 251), known as Trajan Decius or simply Decius (), was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. A distinguished politician during the reign of Philip the Arab, Decius was proclaimed emperor by his troops a ...

. * 250: Failed usurpation of Licinianus in Rome. * 251: Failed usurpation of Titus Julius Priscus in Thrace. * 252: Failed usurpation of Cyriades in Syria. * 253: Usurpations of Aemilianus and Valerian: Emperors

Trebonianus Gallus Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus ( 206 – August 253) was Roman emperor from June 251 to August 253, in a joint rule with his son Volusianus. Early life Gallus was born in Italy, in a respected senatorial family with Etruscan ancestry, cer ...

and Volusianus murdered by their soldiers and replaced by Aemilianus. Valerian raises the Rhine legions in revolt, while Aemilianus is killed by his own soldiers. * 254: Failed usurpation of Uranius in Syria. * 260: Failed usurpations of Ingenuus and Regalianus in

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, on the west by Noricum and upper Roman Italy, Italy, and on the southward by Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia and upper Moesia. It ...

; possibly of Sponsianus in

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus ro ...

. * 260–261: Failed usurpation of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor,

Quietus Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus (died 261) was a Roman usurper against Roman Emperor Gallienus. History Quietus was the son of Fulvius Macrianus and a noblewoman, possibly named Junia. According to ''Historia Augusta'', he was a military trib ...

and Balista in the East * 260–274: The breakaway Gallic Empire * 261: Failed usurpations of Lucius Piso and Valens Thessalonicus in

Achaea Achaea () or Achaia (), sometimes transliterated from Greek language, Greek as Akhaia (, ''Akhaḯa'', ), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the modern regions of Greece, region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwest ...

. * 261–262: Failed usurpation of

Mussius Aemilianus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus ''signo'' Aegippius (died 261 or 262) was a Roman Empire, Roman who held a number of military and civilian positions during the middle of the third century. He is best known as a Roman usurper during the reign of Gallien ...

and

Memor The Gallienus usurpers were the Roman usurper, usurpers who claimed Roman Emperor, imperial power during the reign of Gallienus (253–268, the first part of which he shared with his father Valerian (emperor), Valerian). The existence of usurpers ...

in Egypt. * 267: Failed usurpation of Maeonius in Palmyra. * 268: Failed usurpation of Aureolus in the West. Emperor Gallienus murdered by his soldiers and

Claudius Gothicus Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Gothicus" (10 May 214 – August/September 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Batt ...

proclaimed Emperor. * 270: Usurpation of

Aurelian Aurelian (; ; 9 September ) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 AD during the Crisis of the Third Century. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disinte ...

against Quintillus. * Palmyrene war between Rome and the breakaway

. ** 270 – Palmyrene invasion of Egypt – Palmyrene victory ** 272 – *** Battle of Immae – Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of

Palmyra Palmyra ( ; Palmyrene dialect, Palmyrene: (), romanized: ''Tadmor''; ) is an ancient city in central Syria. It is located in the eastern part of the Levant, and archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first menti ...

*** Battle of Emesa – Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia. * 271: Failed usurpations of Felicissimus in Rome and Septimius in Dalmatia. * 274 – Battle of Châlons – Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire. * 275: Aurelian murdered by the Praetorian Guard and replaced by Marcus Claudius Tacitus * 276: Usurpation of

Probus Probus may refer to: People * Marcus Valerius Probus (c. 20/30–105 AD), Roman grammarian * Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus, consul in 228 * Probus (emperor), Roman Emperor (276–282) * Probus of Byzantium (–306), Bishop of Byzantium from 293 t ...

against

Florianus Marcus Annius Florianus (died 276), also known as Florian, was briefly Roman emperor in the year 276. He took the throne after the murder of his half-brother Tacitus, but was killed after 88 days by his own troops during his confrontation with ...

. * 280: Failed usurpation of Julius Saturninus in the East. * 280–281: Failed usurpation of Proculus and Bonosus in the West. * 282:

assassinated by his soldiers. The new emperor Carus may have been involved in the plotting. * 283–285: Failed usurpation of Sabinus Julianus. * 284–285: Usurpation of

Diocletian Diocletian ( ; ; ; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Diocles to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia. As with other Illyri ...

against Carinus ** 285 –

Battle of the Margus A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

– The usurper

defeated the army of the Emperor Carinus, who was killed.

Post-crisis

* 284–286:

Bagaudae Bagaudae (also spelled bacaudae) were groups of peasant insurgents in the western parts of the late antiquity, later Roman Empire, who arose during the Crisis of the Third Century and persisted until the very Decline of the Roman Empire, end of th ...

uprising in Gaul under Aelianus and Amandus – revolt suppressed * 286–296: Carausian revolt under Carausius and Allectus in Britain and northern Gaul – revolt suppressed * 293: Revolt of the towns of Busiris and Coptos in the Egyptian Thebaid – revolt suppressed by

Galerius Galerius Valerius Maximianus (; Greek: Γαλέριος; 258 – May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. He participated in the system of government later known as the Tetrarchy, first acting as '' caesar'' under Emperor Diocletian. In th ...

* 297–298: Failed usurpation of Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus in Egypt

4th century

The 4th century begins with civil war resulting in the ascendancy of

Constantine I Constantine I (27 February 27222 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a Constantine the Great and Christianity, pivotal ro ...

, then, after his death, the progressive

Christianization Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity. Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individu ...

of the empire, and wars with Sassanid Persia and Germanic tribes, punctuated frequently with more civil wars. * 303: Failed usurpation of Eugenius in Roman Syria * Civil wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324), beginning with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Flavius Valerius Severus, and ending with the defeat of

Licinius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (; Ancient Greek, Greek: Λικίνιος; c. 265 – 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign, he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan that ...

at the hands of

in 324. The

Tetrarchy The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the ''augusti'', and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the ''caesares''. I ...

established by

would break up because of these wars. ** 312 – *** Battle of Turin –

defeats forces loyal to Maxentius. *** Battle of Verona – Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius. *** 28 October – Battle of Milvian Bridge – Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy. ** 313, 30 April – Battle of Tzirallum – In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of

defeat Maximinus. ** 316, 8 October –

Battle of Cibalae The Battle of Cibalae was fought in 316 between the two Roman emperors Constantine I () and Licinius (). The site of the battle, near the town of Cibalae (now Vinkovci, Croatia) in the Roman province of Pannonia Secunda, was approximately 350 k ...

– Constantine defeats Licinius ** 316 or 317 – Battle of Mardia – Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricum to Constantine. ** 324 – *** 3 July – Battle of Adrianople – Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to

Byzantium Byzantium () or Byzantion () was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. The Greek name ''Byzantion'' and its Latinization ''Byzantium'' continued to be used as a n ...

*** July – Battle of the Hellespont – Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius *** 18 September – Battle of Chrysopolis – Constantine decisively defeats Licinius, establishing his sole control over the empire. * 334: Failed usurpation of Calocaerus in Cyprus * 337: Caesars Dalmatius and Hannibalianus killed by soldiers in a purge orchestrated by

Constantius II Constantius II (; ; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361) was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civ ...

. * 340: Civil war, when Constans defeated and killed his brother Constantine II in an ambush near Aquileia.Eutropius, 10:9Victor, 41:21 * Roman civil war of 350–353, when Constantius II defeated the usurper Magnentius who had assassinated Constans. ** 351 – Battle of Mursa Major – Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius ** 353 – Battle of Mons Seleucus – Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II * Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus – 351–352 - Rebellion of Jews in

Syria Palaestina Syria Palaestina ( ) was the renamed Roman province formerly known as Judaea, following the Roman suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, in what then became known as the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD. The pr ...

– revolt suppressed * 355: Failed usurpation of Claudius Silvanus in Gaul * 361: Usurpation of Julian the Apostate * 365–366: Revolt of Procopius, when the Emperor

Valens Valens (; ; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. Following a largely unremarkable military career, he was named co-emperor by his elder brother Valentinian I, who gave him the Byzantine Empire, eastern half of the Roman Em ...

defeated the usurpers

Procopius Procopius of Caesarea (; ''Prokópios ho Kaisareús''; ; – 565) was a prominent Late antiquity, late antique Byzantine Greeks, Greek scholar and historian from Caesarea Maritima. Accompanying the Roman general Belisarius in Justinian I, Empe ...

and Marcellus. * Civil War – 366 – Battle of Thyatira – The army of the Roman emperor

defeats the usurper

. * Great Conspiracy – 367-368 - Rebellion in the

Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's Wall (, also known as the ''Roman Wall'', Picts' Wall, or ''Vallum Aelium'' in Latin) is a former defensive fortification of the Roman province of Roman Britain, Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian. Ru ...

and failed invasion of Britain by

Picts The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Scotland in the early Middle Ages, Early Middle Ages. Where they lived and details of their culture can be gleaned from early medieval texts and Pic ...

, Scotti, Attacotti,

Saxons The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons or Continental Saxons, were a Germanic people of early medieval "Old" Saxony () which became a Carolingian " stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany. Many of their neighbours were, like th ...

and

Franks file:Frankish arms.JPG, Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks ( or ; ; ) were originally a group of Germanic peoples who lived near the Rhine river, Rhine-river military border of Germania Inferior, which wa ...

. * 372: Failed usurpation of Theodorus in

Antioch Antioch on the Orontes (; , ) "Antioch on Daphne"; or "Antioch the Great"; ; ; ; ; ; ; . was a Hellenistic Greek city founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC. One of the most important Greek cities of the Hellenistic period, it served as ...

* 372–375: Revolt of Firmus in Africa – revolt suppressed by Count Theodosius * Tanukh revolt against Rome– 378-Spring - the Tanukhids Arabs rebels against Roman rule, led by their queen Mavia in Syria. The revolt end in a truce. * 383–384: Usurpation of

Magnus Maximus Magnus Maximus (; died 28 August 388) was Roman emperor in the West from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian. Born in Gallaecia, he served as an officer in Britain under Theodosius the Elder during the Great Conspiracy ...

in the west and the killing of Gratian by the general Andragathius * 387: Tax riots against Emperor

Theodosius I Theodosius I ( ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He won two civil wars and was instrumental in establishing the Nicene Creed as the orthodox doctrine for Nicene C ...

in Antioch. * 387–388: Battle of the Save, when the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I defeated the usurper / Western Emperor

. * 390: Revolt in Thessalonica culminating in the

Massacre of Thessalonica The Massacre of Thessaloniki, Thessalonica in Macedonia (Roman province), Macedonia, Greece, was a massacre of local civilians by Roman troops which is believed to have occurred around 390. According to Sozomen, in June of that year, Butheric, ...

. * Civil war of 392–394 ** 394, 5–6 September – Battle of the Frigidus, when the Eastern Emperor

defeated the usurper / Western Emperor Eugenius and his Frankish ''

magister militum (Latin for "master of soldiers"; : ) was a top-level military command used in the late Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great. The term referred to the senior military officer (equivalent to a war theatre commander, the e ...

'' Arbogast. * 395: Gothic War (395-398) - Gothic revolt of Alaric I * 398: Gildonic War – ''

Comes ''Comes'' (plural ''comites''), translated as count, was a Roman title, generally linked to a comitatus or comital office. The word ''comes'' originally meant "companion" or "follower", deriving from "''com-''" ("with") and "''ire''" ("go"). Th ...

'' Gildo, governor of Africa, rebelled against the Western Emperor Honorius. The revolt was subdued by Flavius Stilicho, the ''

'' of the

Western Roman Empire In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court. ...

. * 399–400: Gothic Revolt of Tribigild and Gainas in the Eastern Empire – revolt suppressed

5th century

* 406–413: Civil war as the usurpers Marcus, Gratian, Constantine III, Constans II (son of Constantine III), Maximus of Hispania, Priscus Attalus, Jovinus, Sebastianus and Heraclianus tried to usurp the throne of Emperor Honorius. All were defeated. ** 412–413: War of Heraclianus * 409–417: Bagaudae uprising in the Loire valley and Brittany * 416–418; Gothic War in Spain (416–418) * 419–421: Revolt of

Maximus Maximus (Hellenised as Maximos) is the Latin term for "greatest" or "largest". In this connection it may refer to: * Circus Maximus (disambiguation) * Pontifex maximus, the highest priest of the College of Pontiffs in ancient Rome People Roman hi ...

in the Diocese of Hispania – revolt suppressed * 422: Vandal war of 422 in Diocese of Hispania – the Romans leads a defeat. * 423–425: Roman civil war of 425, when the usurper Joannes was defeated by the army of Emperor

Valentinian III Valentinian III (; 2 July 41916 March 455) was Roman emperor in the Western Roman Empire, West from 425 to 455. Starting in childhood, his reign over the Roman Empire was one of the longest, but was dominated by civil wars among powerful general ...

. * 425–426: Gothic revolt of Theodoric I * 427–429: Roman civil war of 427–429, when the ''Comes Africae'' Bonifacius fought inconclusively against the ''Magister militum'' Felix. The civil war was terminated by negotiations brokered by Galla Placidia. * 428: Frankish War (428) * 429–435: Vandal conquest of Roman Africa ** 429: Battle of Calama ** 430–431: Siege of Hippo Regius * 430: Gothic revolt of Anaolsus * 430–431: Aetius campaign in the Alps * 431–432: Frankish War (431–432) * 432: Roman civil war of 432 when the ''

Magister militum (Latin for "master of soldiers"; : ) was a top-level military command used in the late Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great. The term referred to the senior military officer (equivalent to a war theatre commander, the e ...

Flavius Aetius Flavius Aetius (also spelled Aëtius; ; 390 – 21 September 454) was a Roman Empire, Roman general and statesman of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, closing period of the Western Roman Empire. He was a military commander and the most inf ...

was defeated by the rival ''Magister militum'' Bonifacius, who died of wounds sustained in battle soon afterwards, giving Aetius full control over the Western Empire. ** Battle of Rimini (432) * 435 ** 435–437:

uprising under Tibatto in Gaul suppressed by Flavius Aetius. ** 435–436: Burgundian Revolt of Gunther –

defects the

Burgundians The Burgundians were an early Germanic peoples, Germanic tribe or group of tribes. They appeared east in the middle Rhine region in the third century AD, and were later moved west into the Roman Empire, in Roman Gaul, Gaul. In the first and seco ...

. * 436 ** 436–439: Gothic War (436–439) *** 436: Battle of Narbonne – Flavius Aetius again defeats the Visigoths led by

Theodoric Theodoric is a Germanic given name. First attested as a Gothic name in the 5th century, it became widespread in the Germanic-speaking world, not least due to its most famous bearer, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Overview The name w ...

. *** 438: Battle of Mons Colubrarius *** 439: Battle of Toulouse –

Visigoths The Visigoths (; ) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The Visigoths first appeared in the Balkans, as a Roman-allied Barbarian kingdoms, barbarian military group unite ...

led by Theodoric I defeat Romans under General Litorius, who is killed. * 439–442 Vandal War (439–442) ** 19 October – Battle of Carthage – Romans lose

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

to the

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vand ...

. * 455: Valentinian III assassinated and overthrown by Petronius Maximus. * 455: Petronius Maximus stoned to death by mob and replaced by Avitus. * 456 ** Gothic War in Spain (456) – A Visigothic army, led by Theodoric II recaptures Spain on behalf of the West Roman Empire. ** Battle of Agrigentum (456) – An army of the

, led by the Romano-Suebian general Ricimer, drove off an invading fleet sent by the

Vandal The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vandal ...

king Gaiseric to raid Sicily. ** Battle of Corsica – the Vandals were attacked by Ricimer and defeated. ** Roman civil war of 456, when Emperor Avitus was defeated by the revolvers Majorianus and Ricimer. * 461:

Majorian Majorian (; 7 August 461) was Western Roman emperor from 457 to 461. A prominent commander in the Late Roman army, Western military, Majorian deposed Avitus in 457 with the aid of his ally Ricimer at the Battle of Placentia (456), Battle of Place ...

assassinated and overthrown by Ricimer. * 461–468 Vandal War (461–468) ** 468 Battle of Cap Bon (468) * 468: Failed usurpation by Arvandus. * 470: Failed usurpation by Romanus. * 472:

Anthemius Procopius Anthemius (; died 11 July 472) was the Western Roman Empire, Western Roman emperor from 467 to 472. Born in the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Anthemius quickly worked his way up the ranks. He married into the Theodosian dyna ...

overthrown by Ricimer. * 474: Glycerius overthrown by Julius Nepos. * 475: Julius Nepos overthrown by

Orestes In Greek mythology, Orestes or Orestis (; ) was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, and the brother of Electra and Iphigenia. He was also known by the patronymic Agamemnonides (), meaning "son of Agamemnon." He is the subject of several ...

. * 476: Orestes overthrown by Odoacer.

Romulus Augustulus Romulus Augustus (after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire, West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. Romulus was placed on the imperial throne while still a minor by his father Orestes (father of Ro ...

deposed, ending the Western Roman Empire.

References

Sources

* * Kohn, George Childs, 'Dictionary of Wars, Revised Edition' (Checkmark Books, New York, 1999) {{DEFAULTSORT:Roman civil wars and revolts civil wars and revolts Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe Civil wars of antiquity Lists of wars by former country involved Rebellions-related lists Lists of battles by former country involved