A reading machine is a piece of

assistive technology Assistive technology (AT) is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for Disability, people with disabilities and the elderly. Disabled people often have difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs) independently, ...

that allows blind people to access printed materials. It scans text, converts the image into text by means of

optical character recognition Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR) is the electronics, electronic or machine, mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo ...

and uses a speech synthesizer to read out what it has found.

Development

The first prototype of reading machine, called optophone, was developed by Dr.

Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe (1868 – 29 June 1933, St. Albans, UK) was an Ireland, Irish physicist, astrophysicist and chemist. He was a university professor and distinguished himself in the study and popularization of electromagnetism, as wel ...

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in 1913. Five vertically-aligned

photodetectors Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are devices that detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in a wide range of applications, from digital imaging and optical c ...

were used to scan a line of printed text. Each cell generated a different tone (G, C, D, E, G8) when detecting black print, so that each character was associated with a specific time-varying chords of tones. With some practice, blind users were able to interpret this audio output as a meaningful message. However, the reading speed of this device was very slow (approximately one word per minute). From 1944 until up to the 1970s, new prototypes of reading machine were developed at Haskins Laboratories under contract from the

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. The research project was conducted by Caryl Parker Haskins, Franklin S. Cooper and Alvin Liberman. Their first attempts to improve the optophone all ended in failures, and users were still unable to read more than 5 words per minutes in average, even after long training sessions. This observation led Liberman to suppose that the limitation was cognitive rather than technical, and to formulate his motor theory of speech perception. He realized that the speech signal was not heard like an acoustic "alphabet" or "cipher," but as a "code" of overlapping speech gestures, due to coarticulation. Therefore, a reading machine cannot simply convert the printed characters into a series of abstract sounds, rather it must be able to identify the characters and to produce a speech sound as output using a speech synthesizer. The first commercial reading machine for the blind was developed by Kurzweil Computer Products (later acquired by

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Corporation) in 1975.

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used this machine to give his signature sound off, "And that's the way it is, January 13, 1976." In the mid-1960s, Francis F. Lee joined Dr. Samuel Jefferson Mason's Cognitive Information Processing Group in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ...

to work on a reading machine for the blind, the first system that would scan text and produce continuous speech. Early reading machines were desk-based and large, found in libraries, schools, and hospitals or owned by wealthy individuals. In 2009, a cellphone running Kurzweil- National Federation of the Blind software works as a reading machine.{{Cite web , title=Mobile Products , url=http://www.knfbreader.com/products-mobile.php , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815094216/http://www.knfbreader.com/products-mobile.php , archive-date=2010-08-15 , access-date=2010-10-19 , website=KNFB Reader

References

Assistive technology Blindness equipment