Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family;

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

"little frog", from "frog") is a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of over 2,000 known species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are '' Ranunculus'' (600 species), ''

Delphinium ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family (biology), family Ranunculaceae, native species, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. T ...

'' (365), '' Thalictrum'' (330), ''

Clematis ''Clematis'' is a genus of about 380 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners, beginning with ''Clematis'' 'Jackmanii', a garden staple since 1862; more cultivars ...

'' (380), and ''

Aconitum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, devil's helmet, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family (biology), family Ranunculaceae. These herbaceous perennial ...

'' (300).

Description

Ranunculaceae are mostly

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of ...

annuals or perennials, but some are woody climbers (such as ''

'') or shrubs (e.g. '' Xanthorhiza''). Most members of the family have

bisexual flower Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction. Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive s ...

s which can be showy or inconspicuous. Flowers are solitary, but are also found aggregated in cymes,

panicle In botany, a panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a p ...

s, or spikes. The flowers are usually

radially symmetrical Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. External symmetry can be easily seen by just looking at an organism. For example, the face of a human being has a plane of symme ...

but are also found to be

bilaterally symmetrical Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. External symmetry can be easily seen by just looking at an organism. For example, the face of a human being has a plane of symme ...

in the genera ''

'' and ''

''. The

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

petal Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corol ...

stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s and

carpel Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more ...

s are all generally free (not fused), the outer flower segments typically number four or five. The outer stamens may be modified to produce only nectar, as in Aquilegia, ''

Helleborus Commonly known as hellebores (), the Eurasian genus ''Helleborus'' consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Hellebo ...

'' and ''Delphinium''. In some genera, such as '' Thalictrum'', the sepals are colorful and appear petal-like (petaloid) and the petals can be inconspicuous or absent. The stems are unarmed. The leaves are variable. Most species have both basal and

cauline A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, fl ...

(stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials, form

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and Shoot (botany), shoots from its Node (botany), nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from ...

s that develop new roots each year. '' Ficaria verna'' can reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers produced in the leaf axils. Some members of the genus '' Thalictrum'' utilize

anemophily Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales, including grasses, sedges, and rushes. Other common anemophilous ...

while others utilize

entomophily Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, some ...

. Flowers of the entomophilous genus ''

Papaver ''Papaver'' is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annual plant, annuals, biennial plant, biennials, and perennial plant, perennials native plant, native to temperateness, temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America ...

'', also of the ''

Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group k ...

'' order, produce only

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced Gametophyte#Heterospory, microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm ...

. Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus '' Anemone'' also lack

nectar Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by Plant, plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollination, pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to an ...

. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

s are most commonly free, unfused

achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple fruit, simple dry fruits, dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and Dehi ...

s (e.g. '' Ranunculus'', ''Clematis'') or follicles (e.g. ''Helleborus'', '' Eranthis'', '' Nigella''), but a

berry A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the cul ...

in '' Actaea''.

Phytochemistry

Many Ranunculaceae members contain protoanemonin, which is toxic to humans and animals. Contact with plant sap may cause inflammation and blistering of the skin, while ingestion can cause irritation of the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea. Toxic alkaloids such as

aconitine Aconitine is an alkaloid toxin produced by various plant species belonging to the genus ''Aconitum'' (family Ranunculaceae), commonly known by the names wolfsbane and monkshood. Aconitine is notorious for its toxic properties. Structure and rea ...

may also be present in some species such as '' Aconitum carmichaelii''.

Taxonomy

Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass. David, (2010) placed the Ranuculaceae, together with the Eupteleaceae,

Lardizabalaceae Lardizabalaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, ...

Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the ...

Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family (biology), family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order (biology), order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority ...

, and

Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family (biology), family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan dis ...

in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae. This follows the work of the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

. The family Ranunculaceae ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' is one of seven families included in the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

within the

eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

according to the

(APG) classification. The family is

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

with '' Glaucidium'' as

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

to the remaining genera. This

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

is illustrated in the APG Poster.

Subdivision

Early subdivisions of the family, such as Michel Adanson (1763), simply divided it based on one-seeded or many-seeded fruit. Prantl (1887) envisaged three

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

, Paeonieae, Helleboreae and Anemoneae with '' Paeonia'', '' Glaucidium'' and '' Hydrastis'' forming Paeonieae. By the twentieth century Langlet (1932) used chromosome types to create two subfamilies, Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966, Tamura further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies; * Helleboroideae * Ranunculoideae * Isopyroideae * Thalictroideae * Coptidoideae * Hydrastidoideae but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then '' Paeonia'' and '' Glaucidium'' were no longer considered to belong to Ranunculaceae. ''Paeonia'' was separated from Ranuculaceae and placed in its own family of Paeoniaceae (order

Saxifragales Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...

). Other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include '' Circaeaster,'' which was placed in its own family Circaeasteraceae. Tamura's complete system was structured as follows; ;Subfamilies and tribes * Subfamily Ranunculoideae Hutch. ** Adonideae Kunth ** Anemoneae DC. ** Ranunculeae DC. * Subfamily Helleboroideae Hutch. ** Helleboreae DC. ** Cimicifugeae Torrey & A.Gray ** Delphineae Schrödinger ** Nigelleae Schrödinger * Subfamily Isopyroideae Tamura ** Coptideae Langlet ex Tamura & K.Kosuge ** Dichocarpeae Tamura & K.Kosuge ** Isopyreae Schrödinger * Subfamily Thalictroideae * Subfamily Hydrastidoideae The genus '' Glaucidium'', having been moved to its own family ( Glaucidiaceae), has since been restored to Ranuculaceae.

Molecular phylogenetics

When subjected to

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analysis, only Thalictroideae is monophyletic. The position of ''Glaucidium'' and some of its unique morphological characteristics prompted Stevens to suggest that it be given subfamilial rank as the monotypic Glaucidioideae. Similarly, ''Hydrastis'' has been assigned to subfamily Hydrastidoideae. Both genera are represented by a single species, '' Glaucidium palmatum'' and '' Hydrastis canadense'' respectively. The relationships between the genera suggest the existence of three major

clades In biology, a clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy ...

corresponding to Coptidoideae, Thalictroideae (clade A) and Ranunculoideae (clade F). The latter is the largest with four subclades (B–E). Of these, C corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae. Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

(see below). In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including '' Thalictrum'' and '' Aquilegia''. The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. '' Kingdonia'' had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae. In recent years, researchers have used nuclear genes (obtained through transcriptome sequencing technology) to further investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Ranunculaceae family, and their findings are consistent with those of Wang and colleagues (2009). However, this study indicates that the ancestors of the Ranunculaceae family experienced multiple whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, which may be related to the longstanding prosperity of this ancient group. ;Subfamilies of Ranunculaceae (5) and tribes of Ranunculoideae * Glaucidioideae (Tamura) Loconte (1) * Hydrastidoideae Engler (1) * Coptidoideae Tamura (2) * Thalictroideae Raf. (10) * Ranunculoideae Arn. (46) ** Adonideae Kunth ** Delphinieae Schröd. ** Nigelleae Schröd. ** Helleboreae DC. ** Cimicifugeae Torr. and A.Gray ** Caltheae Bercht. and J.Presl ** Asteropyreae W.T.Wang and C. Y.Chang ** Callianthemeae W.Wang and Z. D.Chen ** Anemoneae DC. ** Ranunculeae DC.

Genera

Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera. ; Subfamily Glaucidioideae * '' Glaucidium'' Siebold & Zuccarini ; Subfamily Hydrastidoideae * '' Hydrastis'' L. ; Subfamily Coptidoideae * '' Coptis'' Salisb. * '' Xanthorhiza'' Marshall ; Subfamily Thalictroideae * '' Aquilegia'' L. * '' Dichocarpum'' W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao * '' Enemion'' Rafinesque * '' Isopyrum'' L. * '' Leptopyrum'' Reichenbach * '' Paraquilegia'' J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. * '' Semiaquilegia'' Makino * '' Thalictrum'' L. * '' Urophysa'' Ulbr. ; Subfamily Ranunculoideae ;; Tribe Adonideae * ''

Adonis In Greek mythology, Adonis (; ) was the mortal lover of the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone. He was considered to be the ideal of male beauty in classical antiquity. The myth goes that Adonis was gored by a wild boar during a hunting trip ...

'' L. * '' Calathodes'' Hook.f. & Thomson * '' Megaleranthis'' Ohwi * '' Trollius'' L. ;; Tribe Delphinieae * ''

'' L. * '' Consolida'' Gray * '' Gymnaconitum'' (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z.D.Chen * ''

'' L. * '' Staphisagria'' Hill ;; Tribe Nigelleae * '' Nigella'' L. ;; Tribe Helleboreae * ''

'' L. ;; Tribe Cimicifugeae * '' Actaea'' L. * '' Anemonopsis'' Siebold & Zuccarini * '' Beesia'' Balf.f. & W.W.Sm. * '' Cimicifuga'' Wernisch. * '' Eranthis'' Salisb. ;; Tribe Caltheae * '' Caltha'' L. ;; Tribe Asteropyreae * '' Asteropyrum'' J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. ;; Tribe Callianthemeae * '' Callianthemum'' C.A.Mey. ;; Tribe Anemoneae * '' Anemoclema''(Franch.) W.T.Wang * '' Anemonastrum''Holub * '' Anemone'' L. * '' Anemonoides'' Mill. * ''

'' L. * '' Eriocapitella'' Nakai * '' Hepatica'' Mill. * '' Knowltonia'' Salisb. * '' Metanemone'' W.T.Wang * '' Naravelia'' Adans. * '' Pulsatilla'' Mill. ;; Tribe Ranunculeae * '' Arcteranthis'' Greene * '' Beckwithia'' Jeps. * '' Callianthemoides'' Tamura * '' Ceratocephala'' Moench * '' Coptidium'' (Prantl) Á.Löve & D.Löve ex Tzvelev * '' Cyrtorhyncha'' Nutt. * '' Ficaria'' Guett. * '' Halerpestes'' Greene * '' Hamadryas'' Comm. ex Juss. * '' Krapfia'' DC. * '' Kumlienia'' Greene * '' Laccopetalum'' Ulbr. * '' Myosurus'' L. * '' Oxygraphis'' Bunge * '' Paroxygraphis'' W.W.Sm. * '' Peltocalathos'' Tamura * '' Ranunculus'' L. * ''

Trautvetteria ''Trautvetteria'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native from the Russian Far East to Japan, and to the southwestern and south central United States and Mexico. The genus was established in 1835. Species , Plants of t ...

'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Previous genera * ''Anemonella'' Spach → '' Thalictrum'' * ''Psychrophila'' (DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl → '' Caltha''

Fossil record

Contrary to earlier data, there are no confirmed pre-

Tertiary Tertiary (from Latin, meaning 'third' or 'of the third degree/order..') may refer to: * Tertiary period, an obsolete geologic period spanning from 66 to 2.6 million years ago * Tertiary (chemistry), a term describing bonding patterns in organic ch ...

ranunculacean fossils. The Early Cretaceous ''Leefructus mirus'' from the

Yixian Formation The Yixian Formation (; formerly Romanization of Chinese, transcribed as Yihsien Formation or Yixiang Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous. I ...

in China was described as belonging to the "compare Family stem lineage to the Ranunculaceae". The oldest confirmed representative of the family is ''Paleoactaea nagelii'' Pigg & DeVore described on the basis of fruits coming from the Upper

Paleocene The Paleocene ( ), or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), ...

North Dakota North Dakota ( ) is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota people, Dakota and Sioux peoples. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minneso ...

Uses

More than 30 species of Ranunculaceae are used in

traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) refers to the knowledge, skills, and practices rooted in the cultural beliefs of various societies, especially Indigenous groups, used for maintaining health and treatin ...

s, including ''

Aconitum napellus ''Aconitum napellus'', monkshood, aconite, Venus' chariot or wolfsbane, is a species of highly toxic flowering plants in the genus ''Aconitum'' of the family Ranunculaceae, native and endemic to western and central Europe. It is an herbaceous pe ...

'', '' Actaea racemosa'', '' Clematis recta'', '' Clematis virginiana'', '' Hydrastis canadensis'', '' Ranunculus bulbosus'', '' Helleborus niger'', '' Delphinium staphisagria'', '' Pulsatilla nigricans''. Many genera are commonly grown in flower gardens, such as ''

'' (monkshood), ''

'', '' Aquilegia'', '' Consolida'' (larkspur), ''

'', ''

'' (Christmas rose), '' Trollius'' (globeflower). The seeds of '' Nigella sativa'' are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine.

Gallery

Tribes of subfamily Ranunculoideae

Image:Adonis_annua_flor.jpg, Adonideae:
'' Adonis annua'' Image:Delphinium_elatum_hybride_001.jpg, Delphinieae:
'' Delphinium elatum'' hybrid Image:2007-10-25Nigella_damascena_09.jpg, Nigelleae:
'' Nigella damascena'' Image:Lenteroos frekkels.jpg, Helleboreae:
''

× hybridus'' Image:Actaea simplex and Parnara guttata in Mount Ibuki 2011-08-28.jpg, Cimicifugeae:
'' Actaea simplex'' Image:2007-03-27Caltha_palustris02.jpg, Caltheae:
'' Caltha palustris'' Image:Callianthemum hondoense 01.jpg, Callianthemeae:
'' Callianthemum hondoense'' Image:10_kwietnia_2009_r._Zawilec_gajowy_033.jpg, Anemoneae:
''

Anemone nemorosa ''Anemonoides nemorosa'' (syn. ''Anemone nemorosa''), the wood anemone, is an early-spring flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe. Other common names include windflower, European thimbleweed, and smell fox, an all ...

'' Image:Ranunculus auricomis.jpg, Ranunculeae:
'' Ranunculus auricomus''

Other subfamilies

File:Coptis trifolia 5.JPG, Coptidoideae:
'' Coptis trifolia'' File:Glaucidium palmatum 0a4.JPG, Glaucidioideae:
'' Glaucidium palmatum'' File:Hydrastis vision general.jpg, Hydrastidoideae:
''

Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal (''Hydrastis canadensis''), also called orangeroot or yellow puccoon, is a perennial plant, perennial herb in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to North America. It may be distinguished by its thick, yellow knotted rootstock ...

'' File:Thalictrum delavayi Prague 2013 4.jpg, Thalictroideae:
'' Thalictrum delavayi'' File:Akleja.Aquilegia vulgaris.jpg, Thalictroideae:
'' Aquilegia vulgaris'' File:Isopyrum thalictroides2.jpg, Thalictroideae:
'' Isopyrum thalictroides''

Notes

References

Bibliography

* * * * * Langlet, O. (1932). Uber Chromosomenverhaltnisse und Systematik der Ranunculaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr 26, 381–401. * * * ** , in * Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 459 (flower diagrams) * * * Sandro Pignatti. ''Flora d'Italia'', Edagricole, Bologna 1982. * * * * * *

External links

''Flora of North America'': Ranunculaceae

''Flora of China'': Ranunculaceae

i

in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards)
''The families of flowering plants''

NCBI Taxonomy Browser

Links at CSDL, Texas

- Flavon's art gallery
Cai et al. Molecular phylogeny of Ranunculaceae based on internal transcribed spacer sequences 2009

{{Authority control Eudicot families Extant Cretaceous first appearances