Rainer Weiss

Rainer "Rai" Weiss ( , ; born September 29, 1932) is a German-American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. He is a professor of physics emeritus at MIT and an adjunct professor at LSU. He is best known for inventing the laser interferometric technique which is the basic operation of LIGO. He was Chair of the COBE Science Working Group.

In 2017, Weiss was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish, "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves".

Weiss has helped realize a number of challenging experimental tests of fundamental physics. He is a member of the Fermilab Holometer experiment, which uses a 40m laser interferometer to measure properties of space and time at quantum scale and provide Planck-precision tests of quantum holographic fluctuation.

Early life and education

Rainer Weiss was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Gertrude Loesner and Frederick A. Weiss. His father, a physician, neurologist, and psychoanalyst, was forced out of Germany by Nazis because he was Jewish and an active member of the Communist Party. His mother, an actress, was Christian. His aunt was the sociologist Hilda Weiss.

The family fled first to Prague, but Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia after the 1938 Munich Agreement caused them to flee again; the philanthropic Stix family of St. Louis helped them obtain visas to enter the United States. Weiss spent his youth in New York City, where he attended Columbia Grammar School.

He studied at MIT, dropping out at the beginning of his junior yearCho, Adrian (August 4, 2016).
Meet the College Dropout who Invented the Gravitational Wave Detector
", ''Science''. Retrieved May 20, 2019. with the excuse that he had abandoned his coursework to pursue a romantic relationship with a music student from Chicago. While this affair was a contributing factor, Weiss's concurrent vacillation between MIT's engineering and physics tracks may also have played a significant role. Jerrold Zacharias, then an influential physicist and MIT professor, intervened, and Weiss, after working as a technician in Zacharias's lab, eventually returned to receive his S.B. degree in 1955. He would complete his Ph.D. in 1962, still with Zacharias as advisor/mentor.

Career

He taught at Tufts University from 1960 to 1962, was a postdoctoral scholar at Princeton University from 1962 to 1964, and then joined the faculty at MIT in 1964.

For Weiss's initial work at MIT, he started a group studying cosmology and gravitation. Needing to develop new technology, particularly in regards to the stabilization of equipment set to measure minute fluctuations, his lab included machine and electronics shop, with a hands-on expectation of his students for fabrication and design.

He had an idea during this period regarding the building of a Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), but believed that such a machine could not be built with the then current technologies, because it could not "actually" be constructed with sufficient sensitivity.

By 1966, Weiss's tenure at MIT was at risk because of the failure of his group to produce publications. On advice from Bernard Burke, then head of the division on astrophysics in the Physics Department, Weiss recalibrated his standards for submitting articles for publication, eventually finding grounds for publication that he believed met his personal standards as scientifically worthy and publishable. He was then able to qualify for tenure and remain at MIT.

Vietnam Era cuts to science grants

In 1973, Weiss was forced to pivot with his work as the US military cut funding for any science that was not determined to be "directly relevant to its core mission." Weiss wrote a proposal to the NSF that described "a new way to measure gravitational waves." This was the work that would eventually lead to his 2017 Nobel Prize, though it was many years before the interferometers Weiss and his students built were sensitive enough to actually detect gravitational waves, making for numerous unpleasant doctoral thesis defenses where Weiss's graduate students were unable to present positive (in layman's terms: any) results.

MIT/Caltech collaboration

Weiss at MIT and Kip Thorne at Caltech joined forces in the early 1980s in recognition of the scale of work and resources necessary to bring the gravitational wave project to fulfillment.

In a 2022 interview given to Federal University of Pará in Brazil, Weiss talks about his life and career, the memories of his childhood and youth, his undergraduate and graduate studies at MIT, and the future of gravitational waves astronomy.

Achievements

Weiss brought two fields of fundamental physics research from birth to maturity: characterization of the cosmic background radiation, and interferometric gravitational wave observation.

In 1973 he made pioneering measurements of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation, taken from a weather balloon, showing that the microwave background exhibited the thermal spectrum characteristic of the remnant radiation from the Big Bang. He later became co-founder and science advisor of the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, which made detailed mapping of the radiation.

Weiss also pioneered the concept of using lasers for an interferometric gravitational wave detector, suggesting that the path length required for such a detector would necessitate kilometer-scale arms. He built a prototype in the 1970s, following earlier work by Robert L. Forward. He co-founded the NSF LIGO (gravitational-wave detection) project, which was based on his report "A study of a long Baseline Gravitational Wave Antenna System".

Both of these efforts couple challenges in instrument science with physics important to the understanding of the Universe.

In February 2016, he was one of the four scientists of LIGO/Virgo collaboration presenting at the press conference for the announcement that the first direct gravitational wave observation had been made in September 2015.

Personal life

Classical music was a profound influence and shaping force in Weiss's life, from his early youth in an immigrant family, through his shared love of Beethoven's Spring Sonata, which cemented his deep personal relationship with mentor Jerrold Zacharias.

He married and had his first child while still in graduate school, "the best time of my life."

Honors and awards

Rainer Weiss has been recognized by numerous awards including:
* In 2006, with John C. Mather, he and the COBE team received the Gruber Prize in Cosmology.
* In 2007, with Ronald Drever, he was awarded the APS Einstein Prize for his work.
* In 2016 and 2017, for the achievement of gravitational waves detection, he received:
::*The Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics,
::* Gruber Prize in Cosmology,
::* Shaw Prize,
::*Kavli Prize in Astrophysics
::*The Harvey Prize together with Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever.
::*The '' Smithsonian'' magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Physical Science category, with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish.
::*The Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, 2017.
::* Princess of Asturias Award (2017) (jointly with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish).
::* The Nobel Prize in Physics (2017) (jointly with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish)
::*Fellowship of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
* In 2018, he was awarded the American Astronomical Society's Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation "for his invention of the interferometric gravitational-wave detector, which led to the first detection of long-predicted gravitational waves."
* In 2020 he was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society.

Selected publications

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Notes

See also

* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

Further reading

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External links

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Rainer Weiss's website at MIT

LIGO Group at the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
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Q&A: Rainer Weiss on LIGO's origins
at news.mit.edu
* Archived a
Ghostarchive
and th
Wayback Machine

* including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2017 ''LIGO and Gravitational Waves I''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weiss, Ranier
1932 births
Living people
Nobel laureates in Physics
American Nobel laureates
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American physicists
Jewish American physicists
Jewish German physicists
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
German emigrants to Czechoslovakia
Immigrants to the United States
Gravitational-wave astronomy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Kavli Prize laureates in Astrophysics
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society
Experimental physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society