Queen of Heaven ( la, Regina Caeli) is a title given to the
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of ...
, by
Christians
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ� ...
mainly of the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
and, to a lesser extent, in
Anglicanism,
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
, and
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
Like the Pentarchy of the first millennium, the mainstream (or " canonic ...
.
The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in the papal encyclical ''
Ad Caeli Reginam'', issued by
Pope Pius XII in 1954. It states that Mary is called Queen of
Heaven because her son,
Jesus Christ
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and relig ...
, is the king of Israel and the heavenly king of the universe; indeed, the
Davidic tradition of Israel recognized the mother of the king as the
queen mother
A queen mother is a former queen, often a queen dowager, who is the mother of the reigning monarch. The term has been used in English since the early 1560s. It arises in hereditary monarchies in Europe and is also used to describe a number of ...
of
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
.
The title "Queen of Heaven" has long been a Catholic tradition, included in
prayer
Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deifie ...
s and
devotional literature and seen in Western art in the subject of the
Coronation of the Virgin from the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...
, long before it was given a formal definition status by the Church.
Theological basis
Queen of Heaven ( la, Regina Caeli) is one of many Queen titles used of
Mary, mother of Jesus
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...
. The title derived in part from the ancient Catholic teaching that Mary, at the end of her earthly life, was bodily and spiritually
assumed into heaven, and that she is there honored as
Queen
Queen or QUEEN may refer to:
Monarchy
* Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom
** List of queens regnant
* Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king
* Queen dowager, the widow of a king
* Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...
.
Pius XII explained on the theological reasons for her title of Queen in a radio message to Fatima of May 13, 1946, ''Bendito seja'':
He, the Son of God, reflects on His heavenly Mother the glory, the majesty and the dominion of His kingship, for, having been associated to the King of Martyrs in the ... work of human Redemption as Mother and cooperator, she remains forever associated to Him, with a practically unlimited power, in the distribution of the graces which flow from the Redemption. Jesus is King throughout all eternity by nature and by right of conquest: through Him, with Him, and subordinate to Him, Mary is Queen by grace, by divine relationship, by right of conquest, and by singular choice f the Father
F, or f, is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ef'' (pronounced ), and the plural is ''efs''.
Hist ...
In his 1954 encyclical ''
Ad caeli reginam'' ("To the Queen of Heaven"), Pius XII asserts that Mary deserves the title because she is
Mother of God
''Theotokos'' ( Greek: ) is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations are ''Dei Genitrix'' or '' Deipara'' (approximately "parent (fem.) of God"). Familiar English translations ar ...
, because she is closely associated as the New Eve with Jesus' redemptive work, because of her preeminent perfection and because of her intercessory power.
[ ''Ad caeli reginam'' states that the main principle on which the royal dignity of Mary rests is her Divine Motherhood. ... So with complete justice St. John Damascene could write: "When she became Mother of the Creator, she truly became Queen of every creature."
]
Biblical basis
In the Hebrew Bible some Davidic kings had in their court a '' gebirah'' ("Great Lady") who was often their mother, and held great power as his advisor and an advocate to him. In 1 Kings 2:20, Solomon said to his mother Bathsheba
Bathsheba ( or ; he, בַּת־שֶׁבַע, ''Baṯ-šeḇaʿ'', Bat-Sheva or Batsheva, "daughter of Sheba" or "daughter of the oath") was the wife of Uriah the Hittite and later of David, according to the Hebrew Bible. She was the mother of ...
, seated on a throne at his right, "Make your request, Mother, for I will not refuse you." William G. Most sees here a sort of type of Mary.[
In the New Testament, the title has several biblical sources. At the Annunciation, the ]archangel
Archangels () are the second lowest rank of angel in the hierarchy of angels. The word ''archangel'' itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of other relig ...
Gabriel
In Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), Gabriel (); Greek: grc, Γαβριήλ, translit=Gabriḗl, label=none; Latin: ''Gabriel''; Coptic: cop, Ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, translit=Gabriêl, label=none; Amharic: am, ገብ� ...
announces that esus"... will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his father David. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever and his reign will be without end."(Luke 1:32) The biblical precedent in ancient Israel is that the mother of the king becomes the queen mother
A queen mother is a former queen, often a queen dowager, who is the mother of the reigning monarch. The term has been used in English since the early 1560s. It arises in hereditary monarchies in Europe and is also used to describe a number of ...
. Mary's queenship is a share in Jesus’ kingship.[Foley O.F.M., Leonard. ''Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast'', (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media]
Theologians view Woman of the apocalyse in Revelation 12:1–3 as a foresight to the Virgin Mary, both the mother of God and the mother of church; taking Revelation 12 as a reference to Mary, Israel, and the Church as a threefold symbolism through the Book of Isaiah and affirms Mary as the mother of Jesus Christ as the prophetic fulfilment described in Revelation 12 (cf. Isaiah 7:14, 26:17, 54:1, 66:7).[Saunder, Rev. William. "Woman Clothed with the Sun", ''Arlington Catholic Herald'', 2004. Catholic Education Resource Center. Retrieved July 6, 2011](_blank)
However, the 1954 papal encyclical '' Ad Caeli Reginam'' on the queenship of Mary made no reference to Revelation 12.
Historical practice
In the fourth century, St. Ephrem called Mary "Lady" and "Queen". Later Church fathers and doctors continued to use the title. A text probably coming from Origen (died ) gives her the title domina, the feminine form of Latin dominus, Lord. That same title also appears in many other early writers, e.g., Jerome
Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is co ...
, and Peter Chrysologus. The first Mariological definition and basis for the title of ''Mary Queen of Heaven'' developed at the Council of Ephesus
The Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II. This third ecumenical council, an effort to attain consensus in the church t ...
, where Mary was defined to be the Mother of God. The Council fathers specifically approved this version against the opinion, that Mary is "only" the mother of Jesus. Nobody had participated in the life of her son more, than Mary, who gave birth to the Son of God.
The word "Queen" is common during and after the sixth century.[Most, William G. "Mary's Queenship", ''Our Lady in Doctrine and Devotion'', 1994]
/ref> Hymns of the 11th to 13th centuries address Mary as queen: “Hail, Holy Queen
The "Salve Regina" (, ; meaning 'Hail Queen'), also known as the "Hail Holy Queen", is a Marian hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church. The Salve Regina ...
,” “ Hail, Queen of Heaven,” “ Queen of Heaven”. The Dominican rosary
The Rosary (; la, , in the sense of "crown of roses" or "garland of roses"), also known as the Dominican Rosary, or simply the Rosary, refers to a set of prayers used primarily in the Catholic Church, and to the physical string of knots or ...
and the Franciscan crown, as well as numerous invocations in Mary’s litany, celebrate her queenship.[ For centuries she has been invoked as the Queen of Heaven.][
]
Litany of Loreto
She is invoked in the Litany of Loreto as:
* Queen of the Angels,
* Queen of Patriarchs,
* Queen of Prophets,
* Queen of Apostles,
* Queen of Martyrs,
* Queen of Confessors,
* Queen of Virgins,
* Queen of all Saints
* Queen of Families.[
* Queen conceived without original sin
* Queen assumed into Heaven
* Queen of the Most Holy Rosary
* Queen of Peace
]
Other titles
The Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the , or , was the 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. The council met in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome for four periods (or sessions), each lasting between 8 and ...
in 1964 referred to Mary as ''Queen of the Universe''.[''Lumen gentium'', Chapter 8, Section 59.](_blank)
Liturgy of the Hours
The four ancient Marian antiphons of the Liturgy of the Hours express the queenship of Mary: the '' Salve Regina'', the ''Ave Regina caelorum
"Ave Regina caelorum" is one of the Marian antiphons said or sung in the Liturgy of the Hours at the close of compline. In the Roman Breviary as revised by Pope Pius V in 1569 it was assigned for this use from compline of 2 February until compl ...
'', the ''Alma Redemptoris Mater
"Alma Redemptoris Mater" (; "Loving Mother of our Redeemer") is a Marian hymn, written in Latin hexameter, and one of four seasonal liturgical Marian antiphons sung at the end of the office of Compline (the other three being '' Ave Regina Caelo ...
'', and the '' Regina Caeli''. These are prayed at different times of the year, at the end of Compline.
''Salve Regina''
Mary as Queen of Heaven is praised in the '' Salve Regina'' "(Hail Queen)", which is sung in the time from Trinity Sunday until the Saturday before the first Sunday of Advent. A German Benedictine
, image = Medalla San Benito.PNG
, caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal
, abbreviation = OSB
, formation =
, motto = (English: 'Pray and Work')
, foun ...
monk, Hermann of Reichenau (1013–1054), allegedly composed it and it originally appeared in Latin, the prevalent language of the Catholic Church until Vatican II. Traditionally it has been sung in Latin, though many translations exist. In the Middle Ages, ''Salve Regina'' offices were held every Saturday. In the 13th century, the custom developed to greet the Queen of Heaven with the ''Salve Regina'', which is considered the oldest of the four Marian antiphons. As a part of the Catholic Reformation, the ''Salve Regina'' was prayed every Saturday by members of the Sodality of Our Lady, a Jesuit Marian association. The ''Hail Holy Queen'' is also the final prayer of the Rosary.
''Ave Regina caelorum''
The ''Ave Regina caelorum
"Ave Regina caelorum" is one of the Marian antiphons said or sung in the Liturgy of the Hours at the close of compline. In the Roman Breviary as revised by Pope Pius V in 1569 it was assigned for this use from compline of 2 February until compl ...
'' (Hail, Queen of Heaven) is an early Marian antiphon, praising Mary, the Queen of Heaven. It is traditionally said or sung after each of the canonical hours of the Liturgy of the Hours. The prayer was once used after Compline, the final canonical hour of prayer before going to sleep, from the Feast of the Presentation (February 2) through the Wednesday of Holy Week. It is now used in the Liturgy of the Hours on the feast of the Assumption of Mary
The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII defined it in 1950 in his apostolic constitution '' Munificentissimus Deus'' as follows:
We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by ...
. The ''Ave Regina caelorum'' dates back in a different musical intonation to the 12th century. Today's version is slightly different from a 12th-century intonation. The ''Ave Regina caelorum'' has four parts: ''Ave'', ''Salve'', ''Gaude'' and ''Vale'' (in English: hail, rejoice, farewell). It was used for processions in honour of the ''Queen of Heaven.'' The ''Ave Regina caelorum'' received numerous musical versions, a famous one of which was composed in 1773 by Joseph Haydn.[Haydn, in Marienlexikon, 88]
''Alma Redemptoris Mater''
The ''Alma Redemptoris Mater
"Alma Redemptoris Mater" (; "Loving Mother of our Redeemer") is a Marian hymn, written in Latin hexameter, and one of four seasonal liturgical Marian antiphons sung at the end of the office of Compline (the other three being '' Ave Regina Caelo ...
'' (Loving Mother of our Savior) is recited in the Catholic Church at Compline only from the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of the Purification (February 2). Continuing theological discussions exist as to the origin and exact timing of this Marian antiphon. It has two equal parts: The Virgin Mary is the loving Mother of the Savior, the ever-virgin with a very high position in heaven. May she listen to her people with mercy in their need for her help.
''Regina Caeli''
The ''Regina Caeli'' (Queen of Heaven) is an anthem of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
which replaces the ''Angelus
The Angelus (; Latin for "angel") is a Catholic devotion commemorating the Incarnation of Christ. As with many Catholic prayers, the name ''Angelus'' is derived from its incipit—the first few words of the text: ("The Angel of the Lord ...
'' during Easter
Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samue ...
tide, the fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday. It is named for its opening words in Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
. Different musical settings of the words were composed throughout the centuries by known and unknown composers. Not all attributions are correct, as an often quoted ''Regina Caeli'' by Joseph Haydn was not by him. The anthem is of unknown authorship, and was in Franciscan
, image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg
, image_size = 200px
, caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans
, abbreviation = OFM
, predecessor =
, ...
use in the first half of the 13th century. Together with three other Marian anthems
An anthem is a musical composition of celebration, usually used as a symbol for a distinct group, particularly the national anthems of countries. Originally, and in music theory and religious contexts, it also refers more particularly to short s ...
, it was incorporated in the Minorite Roman Curia Office, which the Franciscans soon popularized everywhere, and which by order of Pope Nicholas III (1277–1280) replaced all the older breviaries in the churches of Rome.
Veneration
The Catholic faith states, as a dogma, that Mary was assumed into heaven and is with Jesus Christ
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and relig ...
, her divine son. Mary should be called Queen, not only because of her Divine
Divinity or the divine are things that are either related to, devoted to, or proceeding from a deity.[divine< ...](_blank)
Motherhood
]
A mother is the female parent of a child. A woman may be considered a mother by virtue of having given birth, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological offspring, or by supplying her ovum for fertilisation in the case of gestati ...
of Jesus Christ, but also because God has willed her to have an exceptional role in the work of eternal salvation. Catholicism
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
employs the liturgical Latin phrase '' Ora Pro Nobis'', meaning ''pray for us'', and does not teach adherents to worship saints, but rather ask (asking is a form of prayer) those saints to pray for them. The encyclical '' Ad Caeli Reginam'' maintains that Christ as redeemer is Lord and King. The Blessed Virgin is Queen, because of the unique manner in which she assisted in our redemption, by giving of her own substance, by freely offering Him for us, by her singular desire and petition for, and active interest. Mary was chosen Mother of Christ so she might help fulfill God's plan in the redemption of humankind; The Catholic Church from the earliest times venerated the Queen of Heaven, according to Pius XII:
The Queenship of Mary is commemorated in the last of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary—the Coronation of the Virgin as Queen of Heaven and Earth.
Parishes and private groups often process and crown an image of Mary with flowers. This often is referred to as a "May Crowning". This rite may be done on solemnities and feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or other festive days, and offers the Church a chance to reflect on Mary’s role in the history of salvation.[Lewis, Suzaanne M. "Crowning an Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary", ''Pastoral Liturgy'']
/ref>
The Virgin has been called "Queen of France" since 1638 when, partly in thanksgiving for a victory over the Huguenots and also in hope of the birth of an heir after years of childless marriage, Louis XIII officially gave her that title. Siena, Tuscany, hails the Virgin as Queen of Siena, and annually observes the race and pageant called the "palio" in her honor.
Mary was declared "Queen of Poland" by king John II Casimir during the Lwów Oath
The Lwów Oath ( pl, Śluby lwowskie) was an oath made on April 1, 1656 by Polish king John II Casimir in Latin cathedral in the city of Lwów (today Lviv, western Ukraine).
Background
During "the Deluge", when the Swedish armies invaded Polis ...
in the 17th century. Since then she is believed to save the country miraculously during Deluge, Partitions of Poland, Polish-Soviet War, World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
and the Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million ne ...
. The solemnity of Our Lady Queen of Poland is celebrated on 3 May
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
*1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
.
Feast of Queenship of Mary
''Queenship of Mary'' is a Marian feast day in the liturgical calendar
The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which ...
of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
, created by Pope Pius XII. On 11 October 1954, the pontiff pronounced the new feast in his encyclical '' Ad caeli reginam''. The feast was celebrated on May 31, the last day of the Marian month. The initial ceremony for this feast involved the crowning of the '' Salus Populi Romani'' icon of Mary in Rome by Pius XII as part of a procession in Rome.
In 1969, Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI ( la, Paulus VI; it, Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his ...
moved the feast day to August 22, the former Octave day of the Assumption
Assumption, in Christianity, refers to the Assumption of Mary, a belief in the taking up of the Virgin Mary into heaven.
Assumption may also refer to:
Places
* Assumption, Alberta, Canada
* Assumption, Illinois, United States
** Assumption Town ...
[ in order to emphasize the close bond between Mary's queenship and her glorification in body and soul next to her Son. The Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Church states that "Mary was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully conformed to her Son" (''Lumen gentium'', 59).]
The movement to officially recognise the Queenship of Mary was initially promoted by several Catholic Mariological congresses in Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
, France; Freiburg, Germany; and Einsiedeln
Einsiedeln () is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, established in the 10th century.
History Early history
There was no permanent settlement in the area ...
, Switzerland. Gabriel Roschini
Gabriel Maria Roschini, OSM (December 19, 1900 – September 12, 1977), was a Roman Catholic Italian priest and professor of Mariology, who published over 900 titles on the subject. During the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, he worked closely with ...
founded in Rome, Italy, an international society to promote the Queenship of Mary, ''Pro Regalitate Mariae''. Several popes had described Mary as Queen and Queen of Heaven, which was documented by Gabriel Roschini
Gabriel Maria Roschini, OSM (December 19, 1900 – September 12, 1977), was a Roman Catholic Italian priest and professor of Mariology, who published over 900 titles on the subject. During the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, he worked closely with ...
. Pope Pius XII repeated the title in numerous encyclicals and apostolic letters, especially during World War II.
Marian processions
In Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, largest city in the U.S. state, state of California and the List of United States cities by population, sec ...
, a Marian procession took place annually for roughly the first 100 years following the founding of the city. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions, in September 2011 the Queen of Angels Foundation
The Queen of Angels Foundation is an association of lay faithful of the Catholic Church dedicated to fostering devotion to Mary, Mother of Jesus. The Foundation is a volunteer group of lay men and women who "...strive together in a common endeav ...
, founded by Mark Anchor Albert, inaugurated an annual "Grand Marian Procession" in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles' historic core. This yearly procession, intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins outside of the parish of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles
LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States.
La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Music
* La (musical note), or A, the sixth note
* "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...
which is part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District
LOS, or Los, or LoS may refer to:
Science and technology
* Length of stay, the duration of a single episode of hospitalisation
* Level of service, a measure used by traffic engineers
* Level of significance, a measure of statistical significan ...
, better known as "La Placita". By way of city streets, the procession eventually terminates at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels where a public Rosary and Mass in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother ...
are offered. Subsequent years have seen the involvement and participation of numerous chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, lay groups, political figures, as well as other religious and civic organizations.
Art
Early Christian art shows Mary in an elevated position. She carries her divine son in her hands, or holds him. After he ascended into heaven, he reigns in divine glory. Mary, his mother, assumed into heaven by her son, participates in his heavenly glory.
The earliest known Roman depiction of ''Santa Maria Regina'' depicting Mary as a queen dates to the 6th century and is found in the modest church of Santa Maria Antiqua (i.e., ancient St. Mary) built in the 5th century in the Forum Romanum. Here Mary is unequivocally depicted as an empress.[Anne J. Duggan, 2008 ''Queens and queenship in medieval Europe'' page 175] As one of the earliest Roman Catholic Marian churches, this church was used by Pope John VII in the early 8th century as the ''see of the bishop of Rome''. Also in the 8th century, the Second Council of Nicaea
The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the last of the first seven ecumenical councils by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. In addition, it is also recognized as such by the Old Catholics, the Anglican Communion, an ...
decreed that such pictures of Mary should be venerated.
In the early 16th century, Protestant reformers began to discourage Marian art, and some like John Calvin or Zwingli even encouraged its destruction. But after the Council of Trent
The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described a ...
in the mid-16th century confirmed the veneration of Marian paintings for Catholics, Mary was often painted as a Madonna with crown, surrounded by stars, standing on top of the world or the partly visible moon. After the victory against the Turks at Lepanto, Mary is depicted as the Queen of Victory, sometimes wearing the crown of the Habsburg empire. National interpretations existed in France as well, where Jean Fouquet painted the Queen of Heaven in 1450 with the face of the mistress of King Charles VII. Statues and pictures of Mary were crowned by kings in Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
, France, Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total l ...
, Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...
and Austria, sometimes apparently using crowns previously worn by earthly monarchs. A surviving small crown presented by Margaret of York seems to have been that worn by her at her wedding to Charles the Bold in 1463. A recent coronation was that of the picture of the '' Salus Populi Romani'' in 1954 by Pius XII
Pius ( , ) Latin for "pious", is a masculine given name. Its feminine form is Pia.
It may refer to:
People Popes
* Pope Pius (disambiguation)
* Antipope Pius XIII (1918-2009), who led the breakaway True Catholic Church sect
Given name
* Pius ...
. The veneration of Mary as queen continues into the 21st century, but artistic expressions do not have the leading role as in previous times.
Artworks, including paintings, mosaics and carvings of the coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven, became increasingly popular from the 13th century onward. Works follow a set pattern, showing Mary kneeling in the heavenly court
''Heavenly Court'' (russian: Небесный суд, Nebesniy sud) is a Russian supernatural legal drama television miniseries written and directed by Alena Zvantsova. The premiere took place in 2011 (four episodes) and four more episodes were a ...
, and being crowned either by Jesus alone, or else by Jesus and God the Father together, with the Holy Spirit, usually in the form of a dove, completing the Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God th ...
. The Coronation of Mary is almost entirely a theme of Western art. In the Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via ...
, although Mary is often shown wearing a crown, the coronation itself never became an accepted artistic subject.
Gallery of art
Paintings
Image:Martino di Bartolomeo. Coronation of the Virgin.jpg, Martino di Bartolomeo
Martino di Bartolomeo or Martino di Bartolomeo di Biago was an Italian painter and manuscript illuminator active between 1389 and 1434. He was one of his generation's principal painters of the Sienese School. From specific aspects of his early ...
, 1400
Image:SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg, The icon '' Salus Populi Romani'', crowned for the Marian year 1954
Image:Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg, Gregorio di Cecco Enthroned Madonna
Image:Madonnadellastrada churchofthegesu.jpg, Crowned Madonna Della Strada
File:Monaco coronation.jpg, Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation, 1414, Uffizi, Florence
Image:Pietro Perugino cat65a.jpg, Pietro Perugino
Pietro Perugino (, ; – 1523), born Pietro Vannucci, was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most famous pupil.
E ...
, 1504
Image:PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg, Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual ...
, 1502-1504
Image:Coronation of Virgin Jacopo di mino Montepulciano.jpg, Giacomo di Mino
Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio (14th century) was an Italian painter, active in Siena.
He is also called Giacomo di Mino. He appears to be a follower of Simone Martini. He was the contemporary of Lippo Vanni and Luca Thome, being in 1373 appoi ...
, 1340-1350
Image:Procacc1.jpg, Giulio Cesare Procaccini
Giulio Cesare Procaccini (1574–1625) was an Italian painter and sculptor of the early Baroque era in Milan.
Biography
Born in Bologna he was son of the Mannerist painter Ercole Procaccini the Elder and brother of Camillo Procaccini and Ca ...
, 17th century
File:Enguerrand Quarton, Le Couronnement de la Vierge (1454).jpg, Enguerrand Charonton
Enguerrand Quarton (or Charonton) ( 1410 – 1466) was a French painter and manuscript illuminator whose few surviving works are among the first masterpieces of a distinctively French style, very different from either Italian or Early Netherlan ...
''Coronation of Mary by the Trinity'', 1454
Image:Botticelli,_incoronazione_della_vergine.jpg, Botticelli, with only God the Father, 15th century
Image:Lorenzo Costa - Crowning of the Madonna and saints.jpg, Lorenzo Costa, ''Crowning of the Madonna and saints'', 1501
Image:Gaddi Agnolo Coronation.jpg, ''Coronation'', Agnolo Gaddi
Agnolo Gaddi (c.1350–1396) was an Italian painter. He was born and died in Florence, and was the son of the painter Taddeo Gaddi,who was himself the major pupil of the Florentine master Giotto.
Agnolo was a painter and mosaicist, train ...
, 14th century
Image:Le Couronnement de la Vierge.jpg, Jean Fouquet, ''Coronation of the Virgin'', 15th century
Image:Fra Filippo Lippi 007.jpg, ''Coronation of the Virgin'' by Filippo Lippi, 1441
Image:Paolo Veneziano 005.jpg, Paolo Veneziano, 1324
Image:RGhirlandaio mary.jpg, Ridolfo Ghirlandaio
Ridolfo di Domenico Bigordi, better known as Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (14 February 1483 – 6 June 1561) was an Italian Renaissance painter active mainly in Florence. He was the son of Domenico Ghirlandaio.
Biography
He was born in Florence. Since he ...
, 1504
Image:Gentile da Fabriano 047.jpg, Gentile da Fabriano, 1422-1425
Image:Fra Angelico 081.jpg, Fra Angelico, 1434-1435
Statues
Image:Santateresinhadomeninojesus.jpg, Crowned statue in Porto Alegre, Brazil
Porto Alegre (, , Brazilian ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of 1,488,252 inhabitants (2020) makes it the twelfth most populous city in the country and the center of Brazil's fift ...
Image:Varallo Sesia San Gaudenzio 005.JPG, Crowned Virgin of Carmel, Varallo Sesia
Varallo Sesia (Piedmontese: ''Varal''), pronouciation (Vhuh-rahl-loh) commonly known as Varallo, is a '' comune'' and town in the province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is situated in Valsesia, at above sea level and some nor ...
, Italy
Image:2007.03.29.es.an.Ayamonte.detalhe.V.Angustias.jpg, Crowned statue of the Blessed Virgin, Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
Frescoes
Koronacja NMP.jpg, Tetmajer Tetmajer may refer to:
* Ludwig von Tetmajer (1850–1905), Hungarian/Swiss engineer
* Włodzimierz (Przerwa-)Tetmajer (1861–1923), Polish painter, half brother of Kazimierz
* Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (12 Februar ...
Madonna in Heaven, 1895
Deckenfresko Stift zu Unserer Lieben Frau Alte Kapelle Regensburg 20160925 02.jpg, Scheffler
Scheffler is a German surname:
* Axel Scheffler (born 1957), German book illustrator
* Christoph Thomas Scheffler (1699–1756) Painter of the rococo period, famous mostly for his frescoes
* Erna Scheffler (1893–1983), German senior judge
* Fe ...
, Queen of Heaven, Regensburg, Germany
Ellwangen Ev Stadtkirche Deckengemälde Aloysius Stanislaus.jpg, Scheffler
Scheffler is a German surname:
* Axel Scheffler (born 1957), German book illustrator
* Christoph Thomas Scheffler (1699–1756) Painter of the rococo period, famous mostly for his frescoes
* Erna Scheffler (1893–1983), German senior judge
* Fe ...
, Crowned Virgin
ElEscorial Ceiling1.jpg, El Escorial Monastery Spain
Fra Angelico 038.jpg, Fra Angelico, Florence, 1437-1446
9413 - Milano - S. Angelo - Cappella della Misericordia - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 22-Apr-2007.jpg, Church of Sant'Angelo, Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
Salzburg Dreifaltigkeitskirche Kuppel.jpg, Salzburg
Salzburg (, ; literally "Salt-Castle"; bar, Soizbuag, label=Austro-Bavarian) is the fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020, it had a population of 156,872.
The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of ''Iuvavum''. Salzburg was founded ...
, 1697–1700
03-santamariacathedral.jpg, Aldo Locatelli
Aldo Locatelli (Bergamo, August 18, 1915 – Porto Alegre, September 3, 1962) was an Italian painter. His most important works are the frescos and panels in churches and public buildings of Rio Grande do Sul.
Locatelli was born in northern Italy ...
, 20th century, Brazil
Altars
Image:Coronation of the Virgin Bartolo di Fredi Montalcino, Museo civico d'Arte sacra.jpg, Coronation of the Virgin, Bartolo di Fredi
Bartolo di Fredi (c. 1330 – 26 January 1410), also called Bartolo Battiloro, was an Italian painter, born in Siena, classified as a member of the Sienese School.
Biography
He had a large studio and was one of the most influential painters wor ...
, 1388
Image:Gentile da Fabriano 048.jpg, Gentile da Fabriano Altarpiece
Image:Wolfegg Pfarrkirche Hochaltar.jpg, 18th-century German altar
Image:Beuron Hochaltar Marienkrönung.jpg, 19th-century German altar
See also
* Hail Mary
The Hail Mary ( la, Ave Maria) is a traditional Christian prayer addressing Mary, the mother of Jesus. The prayer is based on two biblical passages featured in the Gospel of Luke: the Angel Gabriel's visit to Mary (the Annunciation) and Mary' ...
* Madonna of humility
* Mariolatry
Protestant views on Mary include the theological positions of major Protestant representatives such as Martin Luther and John Calvin as well as some modern representatives. While it is difficult to generalize about the place of Mary, mother of Je ...
* Mother of the Church Mother of the Church ( la, Mater Ecclesiae) is a title given to Mary in the Roman Catholic Church, as officially declared by Pope Paul VI in 1964. The title first appeared in the 4th century writings of Saint Ambrose of Milan, as rediscovered by ...
* Mother of Mercy
The Virgin of Mercy is a subject in Christian art, showing a group of people sheltering for protection under the outspread cloak, or pallium, of the Virgin Mary. It was especially popular in Italy from the 13th to 16th centuries, often as a speci ...
* Our Lady, Star of the Sea Latin: stella maris
* Queen of Heaven (antiquity)
* Seat of Wisdom
References
Sources
*
*
*
External links
Pope Pius XII. ''Ad Caeli Reginam''
Pope Benedict XVI. "On the Queenship of Mary', General Audience, August 22, 2012
{{DEFAULTSORT:Queen Of Heaven
Anglican Mariology
Biblical phrases
Christian terminology
Pope Pius XII Mariology
Protestant views on Mary
Catholic Mariology
Queen of Heaven
Titles of Mary
Heaven in Christianity