History
Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at2to3
utility, which automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3. No further security patches or other improvements will be released for it. Currently only 3.7 and later are supported. In 2021, Python 3.9.2 and 3.8.8 were expedited as all versions of Python (including 2.7) had security issues leading to possible Removals from Python
The deprecatedsmtpd
module has been removed from Python 3.12 (alpha). And a number of other old, broken and deprecated functions (e.g. from unittest
module), classes and methods have been removed. The deprecated wstr
and wstr_
length members of the C implementation of Design philosophy and features
Python is aSyntax and semantics
Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use curly brackets to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C orIndentation
Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block. Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure. This feature is sometimes termed the off-side rule. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.Statements and control flow
Python's statements include: * The assignment statement, using a single equals sign=
* The if
statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with else
and elif
(a contraction of else-if)
* The for
statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block
* The while
statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true
* The try
statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by except
clauses (or new syntax except*
in Python 3.11 for exception groups); it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally
block is always run regardless of how the block exits
* The raise
statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
* The class
statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a def
statement, which defines a function or method
* The with
statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a file), allowing resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom
* The break
Break or Breaks or The Break may refer to:
Time off from duties
* Recess (break), time in which a group of people is temporarily dismissed from its duties
* Break (work), time off during a shift/recess
** Coffee break, a short mid-morning rest ...
statement, which exits a loop
* The continue
statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next
* The del
statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined
* The pass
statement, serving as a NOP, syntactically needed to create an empty code block
* The assert
statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply
* The yield
statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an operator); used to implement coroutines
* The return
statement, used to return a value from a function
* The import
An import is the receiving country in an export from the sending country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade.
In international trade, the importation and exportation of goods are limited ...
statement, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program
The assignment statement (=
) binds a name as a Expressions
Python's expressions include: * The+
, -
, and *
operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of divisions in Python: floor division (or integer division) //
and floating-point/
division. Python uses the **
operator for exponentiation.
* Python uses the +
operator for string concatenation. Python uses the *
operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.
* The @
infix operator. It is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix multiplication.
* The syntax :=
, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.
* In Python,
compares by value. Python's is
operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, .
* Python uses and
, or
, and not
as boolean operators.
* Python has a type of expression called a '' list comprehension'', as well as a more general expression called a '' generator expression''.
* c ? x : y
operator common to many other languages).
* Python makes a distinction between +
operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. Thus, given the variable t
initially equal to , executing first evaluates , which yields , which is then assigned back to t
—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of t
while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.
* Python features ''sequence unpacking'' where multiple expressions, each evaluating to anything that can be assigned (to a variable, writable property, etc.) are associated in an identical manner to that forming tuple literals—and, as a whole, are put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. The statement expects an ''iterable'' object on the right-hand side of the equal sign that produces the same number of values as the provided writable expressions; when iterated through them, it assigns each of the produced values to the corresponding expression on the left.
* Python has a "string format" operator %
that functions analogously to printf
format strings in C—e.g. evaluates to "spam=blah eggs=2"
. In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this was supplemented by the format()
method of the str
class, e.g. . Python 3.6 added "f-strings": .
* Strings in Python can be concatenated by "adding" them (with the same operator as for adding integers and floats), e.g. returns "spameggs"
. If strings contain numbers, they are added as strings rather than integers, e.g. returns "22"
.
* Python has various string literals:
** Delimited by single or double quote marks; unlike in Unix shells, \
) as an r
. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as @
-quoting" in C#.)
* Python has array index and array slicing expressions in lists, denoted as a ey/code>, or . Indexes are zero-based, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the ''start'' index up to, but not including, the ''stop'' index. The third slice parameter called ''step'' or ''stride'', allows elements to be skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy.
In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived fr ...
, Scheme (programming language), Scheme, or Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called ...
. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example:
* List comprehensions vs. for
-loops
* Conditional (programming), Conditional expressions vs. if
blocks
* The eval()
vs. exec()
built-in functions (in Python 2, exec
is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements
Statements cannot be a part of an expression—so list and other comprehensions or lambda expressions, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case is that an assignment statement such as cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. This has the advantage of avoiding a classic C error of mistaking an assignment operator =
for an equality operator
in conditions: is syntactically valid (but probably unintended) C code, but causes a syntax error in Python.
Methods
Method (programming), Methods on objects are function (programming), functions attached to the object's class; the syntax is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for . Python methods have an explicit this (computer programming), self
parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self (or this
) in some other object-oriented programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called ...
). Python also provides methods, often called ''dunder methods'' (due to their names beginning and ending with double-underscores), to allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, in arithmetic operations and type conversion.
Typing
Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at compile time; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that it is not of a suitable type. Despite being Type system#Dynamic type checking and runtime type information, dynamically typed, Python is strong and weak typing, strongly typed, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them.
Python allows programmers to define their own types using class (computer science), classes, most often used for object-oriented programming. New object (computer science), instances of classes are constructed by calling the class (for example, or ), and the classes are instances of the metaclass type
(itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and reflection (computer science), reflection.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): ''old-style'' and ''new-style'', current Python versions only support the semantics new style.
The long-term plan is to support gradual typing. Python's syntax allows specifying static types, but they are not checked in the default implementation, CPython. An experimental optional static type-checker, ''mypy'', supports compile-time type checking.
Arithmetic operations
Python has the usual symbols for arithmetic operators (+
, -
, *
, /
), the floor division operator //
and the modulo operation %
(where the remainder can be negative, e.g. 4 % -3 -2
). It also has **
for exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 125
and 9**0.5 3.0
, and a matrix‑multiplication operator @
. These operators work like in traditional math; with the same order of operations, precedence rules, the operators Infix notation, infix (+
and -
can also be unary operation, unary to represent positive and negative numbers respectively).
The division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:
* Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed /
to always be floating-point division, e.g. .
* The floor division //
operator was introduced. So 7//3 2
, -7//3 -3
, 7.5//3 2.0
and -7.5//3 -3.0
. Adding causes a module used in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division (see above).
In Python terms, /
is ''true division'' (or simply ''division''), and //
is ''floor division.'' /
before version 3.0 is ''classic division''.
Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For instance, it means that the equation is always true. It also means that the equation is valid for both positive and negative values of a
. However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of a%b
is, as expected, in the half-open interval [0, ''b''), where b
is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (''b'', 0] when b
is negative.
Python provides a round
function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For Rounding#Tie-breaking, tie-breaking, Python 3 uses round to even: round(1.5)
and round(2.5)
both produce 2
. Versions before 3 used Rounding#Rounding away from zero, round-away-from-zero: round(0.5)
is 1.0
, round(-0.5)
is −1.0
.
Python allows boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner that is consistent with general use in mathematics. For example, the expression a < b < c
tests whether a
is less than b
and b
is less than c
. C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate a < b
, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with c
.
Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic for all integer operations. The Decimal
type/class in the decimal
module provides decimal floating point, decimal floating-point numbers to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and several rounding modes. The Fraction
class in the fractions
module provides arbitrary precision for rational numbers.
Due to Python's extensive mathematics library, and the third-party library NumPy that further extends the native capabilities, it is frequently used as a scientific scripting language to aid in problems such as numerical data processing and manipulation.
Programming examples
"Hello, World!" program, Hello world program:
print('Hello, world!')
Program to calculate the factorial of a positive integer:
n = int(input('Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: '))
if n < 0:
raise ValueError('You must enter a non-negative integer')
factorial = 1
for i in range(2, n + 1):
factorial *= i
print(factorial)
Libraries
Python's large standard library provides tools suited to many tasks and is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as MIME and Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP are supported. It includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, pseudorandom number generator, generating pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals, manipulating regular expression
A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; sometimes referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" ...
s, and unit testing.
Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) implementation wsgiref
follows PEP 333—but most are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suites. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for variant implementations.
the Python Package Index (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 415,000 packages with a wide range of functionality, including:
Development environments
Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a read–eval–print loop (REPL), permitting them to function as a command line interpreter for which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.
Python also comes with an Integrated development environment, Integrated development environment (IDE) called IDLE, which is more beginner-oriented.
Other shells, including IDLE and IPython, add further abilities such as improved auto-completion, session state retention, and syntax highlighting.
As well as standard desktop integrated development environments, there are Web browser-based IDEs, including SageMath, for developing science- and math-related programs; PythonAnywhere, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE emphasizing scientific computing.
Implementations
Reference implementation
CPython is the reference implementation of Python. It is written in C, meeting the C89 (C version), C89 standard (Python 3.11 uses C11 (C standard revision), C11) with several select C99 features (With later C versions out, it is considered outdated. CPython includes its own C extensions, but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g. they can be implemented with C11 (C standard revision), C11 or C++.) It compiles Python programs into an intermediate bytecode which is then executed by its virtual machine. CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and native Python, and is available for many platforms, including Windows (starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer deliberately fails to install on Windows 7 and 8; Windows XP was supported until Python 3.5) and most modern Unix-like systems, including macOS (and Apple M1 Macs, since Python 3.9.1, with experimental installer) and unofficial support for e.g. OpenVMS, VMS. Platform portability was one of its earliest priorities. (During Python 1 and 2 development, even OS/2 and Solaris (operating system), Solaris were supported, but support has since been dropped for many platforms.)
Other implementations
* PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.8. Its Just-in-time compilation, just-in-time compiler often brings a significant speed improvement over CPython but some libraries written in C cannot be used with it.
* Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads; it does not use the call stack in the same way, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version.
* MicroPython and CircuitPython are Python 3 variants optimized for microcontrollers, including Lego Mindstorms EV3.
* Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up the execution of Python programs.
* Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that contains a number of optimizations including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time Just-in-time compilation, JIT, and an experimental bytecode compiler.
Unsupported implementations
Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:
* Google began a project named Unladen Swallow in 2009, with the aim of speeding up the Python interpreter fivefold by using the LLVM, and of improving its multithreading ability to scale to thousands of cores, while ordinary implementations suffer from the global interpreter lock.
* Psyco is a discontinued Just-in-time compilation, just-in-time run-time algorithm specialization, specializing compiler that integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain data types and is faster than the standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.
* PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones released by Nokia in 2005. It implemented many of the modules from the standard library and some additional modules for integrating with the Symbian operating system. The Nokia N900 also supports Python with GTK widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.
Cross-compilers to other languages
There are several compilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language:
* Brython, Transcrypt and Pyjs (latest release in 2012) compile Python to JavaScript.
* Cython compiles (a superset of) Python 2.7 to C (while the resulting code is also usable with Python 3 and also e.g. C++).
* Nuitka compiles Python into C.
* Numba uses LLVM to compile a subset of Python to machine code.
* Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++11).
* RPython can be compiled to C, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python.
* The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++17).
Specialized:
* MyHDL is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL), that converts MyHDL code to Verilog or VHDL code.
Older projects (or not to be used with Python 3.x and latest syntax):
* Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017) transpiles Python 2 to Go (programming language), Go.
* IronPython allows running Python 2.7 programs (and an Software release life cycle#Alpha, alpha, released in 2021, is also available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included") on the .NET Common Language Runtime.
* Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of the Java libraries from a Python program.
* Pyrex (programming language), Pyrex (latest release in 2010) and Shed Skin (latest release in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.
Performance
Performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy '13. Python's performance compared to other programming languages is also benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game.
Development
Python's development is conducted largely through the ''Python Enhancement Proposal'' (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions. Python coding style is covered in PEP 8. Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.
Enhancement of the language corresponds with the development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the Roundup (issue tracker), Roundup bug tracker hosted at by the foundation. In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to GitHub. Development originally took place on a Self-hosting (web services), self-hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.
CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:
* Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and needs to be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 is very unlikely to ever happen.
* Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to happen annually. Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.
* Bugfix releases, which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.
Many beta release, alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running the large unit test suite during development.
The major academic conference on Python is PyCon. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as Pyladies.
Python 3.10 deprecated wstr
(to be removed in Python 3.12; meaning Python extensions need to be modified by then), and added pattern matching to the language.
API documentation generators
Tools that can generate documentation for Python API include pydoc (available as part of the standard library), Sphinx (documentation generator), Sphinx, Pdoc and its forks, Doxygen and Graphviz, among others.
Naming
Python's name is derived from the British comedy group Monty Python
Monty Python (also collectively known as the Pythons) were a British comedy troupe who created the sketch comedy television show ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over fou ...
, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture; for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are Spam (Monty Python), ''spam'' and ''eggs'' instead of the traditional foobar, ''foo'' and ''bar''. The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.
The prefix ''Py-'' is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pygame, a language binding, binding of Simple DirectMedia Layer, SDL to Python (commonly used to create games); PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt (software), Qt and GTK to Python respectively; and PyPy, a Python implementation originally written in Python.
Popularity
Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages in the TIOBE Programming Community Index where, , it is the most popular language (ahead of Java (programming language), Java, and C). It was selected Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020 (the only language to do so four times).
An empirical study found that scripting languages, such as Python, are more productive than conventional languages, such as C and Java, for programming problems involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary, and determined that memory consumption was often "better than Java and not much worse than C or C++".
Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google, Yahoo!, CERN, NASA, Facebook, Amazon (company), Amazon, Instagram, Spotify, and some smaller entities like Industrial Light & Magic, ILM and ITA Software, ITA. The social news networking site Reddit was written mostly in Python.
Uses
Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via for the Apache webserver. With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. Web frameworks like Django (web framework), Django, Pylons (web framework), Pylons, Pyramid (web framework), Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado (web server), Tornado, Flask (web framework), Flask, Bottle, and Zope support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and IronPython can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. SQLAlchemy can be used as a Data mapper pattern, data mapper to a relational database. Twisted (software), Twisted is a framework to program communications between computers, and is used (for example) by Dropbox (service), Dropbox.
Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing, with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus. OpenCV has Python bindings with a rich set of features for computer vision and Digital image processing, image processing.
Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, Pytorch, and scikit-learn. As a scripting language with a modular programming, modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.
Python can also be used to create games, with libraries such as Pygame, which can make 2D games.
Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in finite element method software such as Abaqus, 3D parametric modelers like FreeCAD, 3D animation packages such as 3ds Max, Blender (software), Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini (software), Houdini, Maya (software), Maya, modo (software), modo, MotionBuilder, Autodesk Softimage, Softimage, the visual effects compositor Nuke (software), Nuke, 2D imaging programs like GIMP, Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro, and musical notation programs like scorewriter and Capella (notation program), capella. GNU Debugger uses Python as a Prettyprint, pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++ containers. Esri promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS. It has also been used in several video games, and has been adopted as first of the three available programming languages in Google App Engine, the other two being Java (software platform), Java and Go (programming language), Go.
Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most Linux distributions, AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: Ubuntu (operating system), Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity (software), Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora Linux use the Anaconda (installer), Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage (software), Portage.
Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.
Most of the Sugar (software), Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, developed at Sugar Labs since 2008, is written in Python. The Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.
LibreOffice includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013.
Languages influenced by Python
Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:
* Boo (programming language), Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.
* Cobra (programming language), Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax, and its ''Acknowledgements'' document lists Python first among languages that influenced it.
* CoffeeScript, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has Python-inspired syntax.
* ECMAScript/JavaScript borrowed iterators and generator (computer science), generators from Python.
* GDScript, a scripting language very similar to Python, built-in to the Godot (game engine), Godot game engine.
* Go (programming language), Go is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python" and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays.
* Groovy (programming language), Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to Java (programming language), Java.
* Julia (programming language), Julia was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".
* Nim (programming language), Nim uses indentation and similar syntax.
* Ruby
A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called ...
's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has said: "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."
* Swift (programming language), Swift, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.
Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in Tcl, Erlang (programming language), Erlang, and Swift.
See also
* Python syntax and semantics
* pip (package manager)
* List of programming languages
* History of programming languages
* Comparison of programming languages
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022).
Fluent Python
' (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN (identifier), ISBN Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4, 978-1-4920-5632-4.
External links
*
Python (programming language),
Articles with example Python (programming language) code
Class-based programming languages
Notebook interface
Computer science in the Netherlands
Concurrent programming languages
Cross-platform free software
Cross-platform software
Dutch inventions
Dynamically typed programming languages
Educational programming languages
High-level programming languages
Information technology in the Netherlands
Multi-paradigm programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Pattern matching programming languages
Programming languages
Programming languages created in 1991
Scripting languages
Text-oriented programming languages
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