''Pyropia'' is a genus of

red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...

eaweedin the family Bangiaceae. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some ''Pyropia'' species are used to create

nori Nori is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus '' Pyropia'', including ''P. yezonesis'' and '' P. tenera''. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or ...

, and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.

Taxonomy

''Pyropia'' was originally erected by

Jacob Georg Agardh Jacob Georg Agardh (8 December 1813 in Lund, Sweden – 17 January 1901 in Lund, Sweden) was a Swedish botanist, phycologist, and taxonomist. He was the son of Carl Adolph Agardh, and from 1854 until 1879 was professor of botany at Lund Univ ...

, a botanist and professor at

Lund University , motto = Ad utrumque , mottoeng = Prepared for both , established = , type = Public research university , budget = SEK 9 billion Porphyra ''Porphyra'' is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species.Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, ...

'', a different genus of red alga. New species of ''Pyropia'' are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move '' Pyropia plicata'' from ''Porphyra''.

Description

''Pyropia'' species are red algae with a discoid holdfast and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and monostromatic, coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.

Distribution

''Pyropia'' grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate. It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. ''Pyropia'' can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical oolwaters.

Ecology

''Pyropia'' species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some ''Pyropia'' species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis. Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation. The ability of ''Pyropia'' species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms. One of the threats to ''Pyropia'' is fungal infections by ''

Alternaria ''Alternaria'' is a genus of Deuteromycetes fungi. All species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They ...

'' sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on ''Pyropia yezoensis'' ''.'' The fungus kills ''Pyropia'' cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.

Use

Within the genus ''Pyropia'' multiple species are used for

(edible seaweed), ''Pyropia yezoensis'' and ''P. haitanensis'' being most popular. It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan. Nori contains substantial amounts of

Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It ...

according to a 2014 paper. However, the

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is a 501(c)(6) trade association in the United States. With over 112,000 members, the association claims to be the largest organization of food and nutrition professionals. It has registered dietitian nutr ...

considers this source unreliable for

vegan Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. ...

Species

* '' P. abbottiae'' ( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. acanthophora var. robusta'' M.G.Kavale, M.A.Kazi & N.Sreenadhan * '' P. acanthophora'' ( E.C.Oliveira &

Coll Coll (; gd, Cola; sco, Coll)Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31 is an island located west of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Coll is known for its sandy beaches, which rise to form large sand dunes, for its corncrakes, and for ...

) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira * '' P. aeodis'' ( N.J.Griffin, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland * '' P. bajacaliforniensis'' Aguilar Rosas & Hughey * '' P. brumalis'' ( Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. cinnamomea'' (

W.A.Nelson Wendy Alison Nelson is a New Zealand marine scientist and world expert in phycology. She is New Zealand's leading authority on seaweeds. Nelson is particularly interested in the biosystematics of seaweeds/macroalgae of New Zealand, with researc ...

)

* '' P. collinsii'' Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson * '' P. columbiensis'' S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. columbina'' ( Montagne)

* '' P. conwayae'' ( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. crassa'' ( Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. dentata'' ( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. denticulata'' ( Levring) J.A.Philips & J.E.Sutherland * '' P. drachii'' ( Feldmann) J.Brodie * '' P. elongata'' ( Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie * '' P. endiviifolia'' ( A.Gepp & E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang * '' P. fallax'' ( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. francisii''

& R.D'Archino * '' P. fucicola'' ( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. gardneri'' ( G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. haitanensis'' ( T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. hiberna'' ( S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. hollenbergii'' ( E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R.Aguilar Rosas * '' P. ishigecola'' ( A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. kanakaensis'' ( Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. katadae'' ( A.Miura) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, N.Kikuch & M.Miyata * '' P. kinositae'' (

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& Tak. Tanaka) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi * '' P. koreana'' ( M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee * '' P. kuniedae'' ( Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi * '' P. kurogii'' ( S.C.Lindstrom) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. lacerata'' ( A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. lanceolata'' ( Setchell &

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) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. leucosticta'' ( Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie * '' P. montereyensis'' S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey * '' P. moriensis'' ( Ohmi) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. nereocystis'' ( C.L.Anderson) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. nitida'' L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey * '' P. njordii'' Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus * '' P. novae-angliae'' T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson * '' P. onoi'' ( Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. orbicularis'' M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin * '' P. parva'' A.Vergés & N.Sánchez * '' P. peggicovensis'' H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders * '' P. pendula'' ( E.Y.Daywson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar-Rosas & R.Aguilar-Rosas * '' P. perforata'' ( J.Agardh) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. plicata''

* '' P. protolanceolata'' S.C.Lindstrom & J.R.Hughey * '' P. pseudolanceolata'' ( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. pseudolinearis'' ( Ueda) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi * '' P. pulchella'' ( Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott &

Zuccarello Zuccarello (; lij, Sucarê ) is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about southwest of Genoa and about southwest of Savona. Zuccarello borders the following municipalities: Arnasco, Ba ...

) T.J.Farr & J.E.Sutherland * '' P. pulchra'' ( Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey * '' P. rakiura'' (

)

* '' P. raulaguilarii'' Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes * '' P. saldanhae'' ( Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland * '' P. seriata'' ( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. spathulata'' T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson * '' P. spiralis var. amplifolia'' ( E.C.Oliveira &

)

Freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does inclu ...

& Kapraun * '' P. spiralis'' ( E.C.Oliveira &

) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira * '' P. stamfordensis'' C.Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson * '' P. suborbiculata'' ( Kjellman) J.E.Sutherland, H.G.Choi, M.S. Hwang &

* '' P. tanegashimensis'' ( Shinmura) N.Kikuchi & E. Fujiyoshi * '' P. tenera'' ( Kjellman) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi * '' P. tenera var. tamatsuensis'' ( A.Miura) N.Kikuchi, Niwa &

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* '' P. tenuipedalis'' ( A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata * '' P. thulaea'' ( Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus * '' P. thuretii'' ( Setchell & E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R. Aguilar Rosas * '' P. torta'' ( V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. unabbottiae'' S.C.Lindstrom * '' P. vietnamensis'' ( Tak.Tanaka & Pham-Hoàng Ho) J.E.Sutherland & Monotilla * '' P. virididentata'' (

)

* '' P. yezoensis f. narawaensis'' N.Kikuchi, Niwa &

* '' P. yezoensis'' ( Ueda) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi

Gallery

File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.4084188 - Porphyra thuretii Setch. and E.Y.Dawson - Algae - Plant type specimen.jpeg File:Porphyra haitanensis life cycle.JPG File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.4084451 - Porphyra columbina Mont. - Algae - Plant type specimen.jpeg

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q3411341 Bangiophyceae Red algae genera Edible algae Seaweeds Edible seaweeds