Newspaper darkroom circa 1985 (4220296875)

A process camera is a specialised form of camera used for the reproduction of graphic material. Before the advent of color scanners, color process work was undertaken by the process camera, by a skilled operator. This was achieved by using various filters to produce a set of 4 film separations, cyan, magenta, yellow and Black (CMYK), this in turn was usually color corrected by another tradesman called a color retoucher (this was the era before photoshop). After the introduction of color scanners in the 1970s, the process camera was gradually only used for monochrome line-work or less often monochrome tone-work. The original artwork was photographed and the negatives produced were eventually used to production of printing plates. This task was completed by another skilled tradesman called a 'film make-up planner'. Who would use a contact frame to photograph the various film layers they had created containing masked tints, text in film form and the separations produced by the process camera or color scanner. The final film sets were used to produce printing plates, in a process called Stripping. Prepared film was then placed into a vacuum frame which was used to expose the image onto the UV-sensitive printing plates. Finally, exposed plates would be developed and processed for printing. See offset lithography,

Photozincography Photozincography, sometimes referred to as heliozincography but essentially the same process, known commercially as zinco, is the photographic process developed by Sir Henry James FRS (1803–1877) in the mid-nineteenth century. This method ...

and Heliozincography for more information on this process. Producing printing plates via photographic methods was pioneered by

Ordnance Survey Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency for Great Britain. The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see ordnance and surveying), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rising of 1745. There was a ...

in around 1893. This process lasted around 100 years before digital technology made it become obsolete very quickly. Process cameras were still widely in use until the late 1980s and early 1990s. By that time, a combination of

digital camera A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on photographic film. Digital cameras are now widely incorporated into mobile devices ...

desktop publishing Desktop publishing (DTP) is the creation of documents using page layout software on a personal ("desktop") computer. It was first used almost exclusively for print publications, but now it also assists in the creation of various forms of online ...

, and finally computer-to-plate technologies became economically viable and had significant advantages over the analogue process cameras. There was a reduced need for staff to operate the cameras and produce final film and this also meant that the chemicals and film and subsequent expense required for traditional methods were no longer necessary. In some industries, large production areas were replaced by one relatively compact machine — this also having a significant impact on the buildings used for graphic reproduction. As a result, the process camera has become obsolete and very few remain in use. However, some of camera operators and film planners (Strippers) moved over to the new technology of DTP and CTP, fundamentally doing the same job but using different tools!

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