Prilep-Bitola dialect
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The Prilep-Bitola dialect ( mk, Прилепско-битолски дијалект, ''Prilepsko-bitolski dijalekt'') is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of
dialects of Macedonian The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of North Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia. They are part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic languages that ...
. This dialect is spoken in much of the Pelagonia region (more specifically, the
Bitola Bitola (; mk, Битола ) is a city in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba, Nidže, and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges, north of the Medžitlija-Níki ...
,
Prilep Prilep ( mk, Прилеп ) is the fourth-largest city in North Macedonia. It has a population of 66,246 and is known as "the city under Marko's Towers" because of its proximity to the towers of Prince Marko. Name The name of Prilep appear ...
,
Kruševo Kruševo ( mk, Крушево ; rup, Crushuva "Crușuva") is a town in North Macedonia. In Macedonian the name means the 'place of pear trees'. It is the highest town in North Macedonia and one of the highest in the Balkans, situated at an alti ...
and Demir Hisar municipalities), as well as by the Slavic-speaking minority population in and around
Florina Florina ( el, Φλώρινα, ''Flórina''; known also by some alternative names) is a town and municipality in the mountainous northwestern Macedonia, Greece. Its motto is, 'Where Greece begins'. The town of Florina is the capital of the F ...
(Lerin) in neighbouring
Greek Macedonia Macedonia (; el, Μακεδονία, Makedonía ) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and Greek geographic region, with a population of 2.36 million in 2020. It is ...
. The Prilep-Bitola dialect, along with other peripheral west-central dialects, provides much of the basis for modern Standard Macedonian.
Prestige Prestige refers to a good reputation or high esteem; in earlier usage, ''prestige'' meant "showiness". (19th c.) Prestige may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Films * ''Prestige'' (film), a 1932 American film directed by Tay Garnett ...
dialects have developed in the cities of
Bitola Bitola (; mk, Битола ) is a city in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba, Nidže, and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges, north of the Medžitlija-Níki ...
and
Prilep Prilep ( mk, Прилеп ) is the fourth-largest city in North Macedonia. It has a population of 66,246 and is known as "the city under Marko's Towers" because of its proximity to the towers of Prince Marko. Name The name of Prilep appear ...
.


Phonological characteristics

The phonological characteristics of the Bitola-Prilep dialect which can also be found in the other peripheral dialects are: *mostly
antepenultimate In linguistics, the ultima is the last syllable of a word, the penult is the next-to-last syllable, and the antepenult is third-from-last syllable. In a word of three syllables, the names of the syllables are antepenult-penult-ultima. Etymology Ul ...
word stress (see Macedonian phonology); *
Proto-Slavic Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the Attested language, unattested, linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately ...
*ǫ has reflexed into : ::rǫka > ''рака'' ('hand') *except for the Prilep sub-dialects, Bitola sub-dialects have two phonemic
lateral consonant A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English ''L'', as in ''Larr ...
s ( and , continuants of Proto-Slavic *l and *ĺ): ::ex. Proto-Slavic *kĺučь > in Bitola sub-dialects, in Prilep sub-dialects *while most Macedonian dialects have a phonemic (in loanwords), many sub-dialects of the Prilep-Bitola dialect—with the exception of urban prestige dialects—instead have : :: Megleno-Romanian ''fustan'' > ''вустан'' ('ladies' dress') ::
Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extens ...
فوطة > ''вута'' ('apron') ::Ottoman Turkish فرنا > ''вурна'' ('
bakehouse A bakery is an establishment that produces and sells flour-based food baked in an oven such as bread, cookies, cakes, donuts, pastries, and pies. Some retail bakeries are also categorized as cafés, serving coffee and tea to customers who wish ...
,
masonry oven A masonry oven, colloquially known as a brick oven or stone oven, is an oven consisting of a baking chamber made of fireproof brick, concrete, stone, clay (clay oven), or cob (cob oven). Though traditionally wood-fired, coal-fired ovens were ...
') *the palatal affricates are typically prepalatalized: ''свеќа'' ('candle') is realized as , ''меѓа'' ('border, frontier') is realized as and in Prilep, especially in younger speakers as and ; **a similar features occurs with the palatal nasal: ''јадење'' ('food') is realized as ; *the etymological in initial position has been lost in a number of instances: **in the sequences ''*vs-'' and ''*vz-'', as is the case in the standard; e.g. ''сè'' ('all') from the earlier *''все'', ''зема'' ('to take') from the earlier *''взема''; **in a handful of words where the pronunciation was "evened up" with that of their antonyms: ''натре'' from the earlier ''внатре'' ('inside') as per ''надвор'' ('outside'), ''ногу'' from the earlier ''многу'' ('much, a lot') as per ''малку'' ('a little'); *intervocalic consonant
elision In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also used to refer more narrowly to cases where two words are run toget ...
is typical of this dialect, and elided forms are in
free variation In linguistics, free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers. Sociolinguists argue that describing such v ...
with non-elided forms: **elision of the intervocalic : ***in the plural forms of monosyllabic nouns, e.g. ''лебо(в)и'': :::: → (realized as ~ ) ::* and in most other positions, e.g. ''то(в)ар'': :::: → (realized as ) :* certain short words (conjunctions, pronouns, determiners, etc.) have undergone further elision, ex.: ::: (→ ) → ('now') ::: * (→ ) → (''indic. pron.'' 'that') ::: (→ ) → (''interr. pron.'' 'when') *insertion of and into consonant clusters -- and --, respectively; for example, from the earlier (''срам'', 'shame') and from the earlier (''зрел'', 'ripe'). *use of /v/ instead of the archaic /x/: страх (strah) > страв (; fear); *In the sub-dialect of
Bukovo Bukovo ( mk, Буково, pronounced ) is a village in the Bitola municipality approximately three kilometers' distance from the city of Bitola in North Macedonia. Not unlike most other larger villages in the country, locals typically distingu ...
-
Orehovo Orehovo () is a settlement in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Sava River northwest of Sevnica. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Styria. The municipality is now included in the L ...
, especially among the oldest generations: **while is an allophone of in most dialects (occurring in all positions except before front vowels and ), in this dialect is used instead; ex.: ::: for (''глава'', 'head') and for (''слама'', 'straw') **the phoneme mutates (is raised) to ( ~ ) when preceding an
affricate An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. ...
or
iotated In Slavic languages, iotation (, ) is a form of palatalization that occurs when a consonant comes into contact with a palatal approximant from the succeeding phoneme. The is represented by iota (ι) in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Greek alphab ...
consonant with the exception of suffixes; ex.: :::''чаша'' ('cup') is realized as :::''жаба'' ('frog') is realized as **the
Proto-Slavic Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the Attested language, unattested, linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately ...
syllabic *l̥ has reflexed into , e.g. *sъlnьce > ('sun'), *vьlkъ > ('wolf').


Morphological characteristics

*tripartite
definite article An article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech. In English, both "the" and "a(n)" ar ...
pertaining to the position of the object (see
Macedonian grammar The grammar of Macedonian is, in many respects, similar to that of some other Balkan languages (constituent languages of the '' Balkan sprachbund''), especially Bulgarian. Macedonian exhibits a number of grammatical features that distinguish it ...
); *use of the preposition во (vo) or в (v); *use of the grammatical construction have + past participle: имам работено (imam raboteno; I have worked); *merger of thematic ''е''-group verbs to ''и''-group verbs; e.g. ''јаде'' → ''јади'' ( 3P sg. of 'to eat'); *the third-person personal pronouns: ''тој, та/таа/таја, то(а), тие/тија'' (he, she, it, they); **some of the outermost dialects of the Lerin subdialect have ''он, она, то, они''; *
imperfective The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously ) is a grammatical aspect used to describe ongoing, habitual, repeated, or similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. Although many languages have a gen ...
verbs are typically derived from
perfective The perfective aspect (abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imp ...
verbs by means of the suffix –ва (e.g. ''зборва'' and ''боледва'') in Bitola dialects, but standard -ува in Prilep dialects; *'expansion' where other dialects have palatalization: ''падина'' ("to fall", sing. present third-person) versus the standard ''паѓа''; *use of the oblique form for proper names; *no distinction between masculine and feminine short possessive pronouns, i.e. consistent use of ''му'' and ''го'' for both genders, in Bitola dialects, but they are used in the plural third person in Prilep; *use of -јќум and -јким instead of the standard -јќи for the gerund, in older speakers, e.g. одејќум (while walking).


Typical words

*чупе () 'girl' *преѓе (), преѓеска () 'recently, lately' *модистра () 'seamstress' *бендиса () 'to have a liking for something or someone', 'to fancy' *сурат () 'face' *плусне () 'to fire (a rifle)' *капнат () 'exhausted' *греда () 'plank', 'beam (of wood)'


Notes


External links


Dialectal dictionary of the Macedonian language dialect spoken in Oshchima (Trigonon), Greece
{{Macedonian dialects Dialects of the Macedonian language Bitola Municipality Prilep Municipality Kruševo Municipality Demir Hisar Municipality