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The Portland Police Bureau (PPB), officially the Portland Bureau of Police, is the law enforcement agency of the city of Portland, the largest city in the
U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sove ...
of
Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...
. While oversight of Portland's bureaus shifts among the five City Commissioners, the
mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well ...
has historically been assigned to the Police Bureau as the police commissioner.


Services

The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of December 2022, the Bureau has approximately 800 sworn members, 20 cadets, and 265 professional staff.


Precincts

The Portland Police Bureau divides Portland into three precincts,Precinct information
from the PPB website
with each precinct divided into as many as 20 districts. The divisions are generally based on neighborhood association boundaries, but also take into account the number of police calls generated in each district. The district serves as the basic unit of territory within the bureau, and most districts are assigned between one and two patrol officers. As such, busier districts are geographically smaller and slower districts are larger. The infrastructure of each precinct is essentially the same, though the number of officers in each precinct is adjusted continually through transfers, new hires and attrition.


Ranks


Equipment


Vehicles

The PPB primarily uses Ford Explorers for their marked vehicles. Older marked vehicles that are still in use include the
Ford Crown Victoria The Ford Crown Victoria ("Crown Vic") is a full-size sedan that was marketed and manufactured by Ford. The successor to the Ford LTD Crown Victoria, two generations of the model line were produced from the 1992 to 2012 model years. The Fo ...
,
Chevrolet Tahoe The Chevrolet Tahoe, and its badge engineered GMC Yukon counterpart, are full-size SUVs from General Motors, offered since 1994 and 1991, respectively. Since 1982, Chevrolet and GMC sold two different-sized SUVs under their 'Blazer' and 'Jim ...
, and the
Chevrolet Impala The Chevrolet Impala () is a full-size car built by Chevrolet for model years 1958 to 1985, 1994 to 1996, and 2000 to 2020. The Impala was Chevrolet's popular flagship passenger car and was among the better-selling American-made automobiles ...
. Traffic officers use
BMW R1200RT The BMW R1200RT is a touring or sport touring motorcycle that was manufactured from 2005 to 2019 by BMW Motorrad to replace the R1150RT model. It features a flat-twin engine with a six-speed gearbox and shaft drive. History Previous RT models, ...
motorcycles.


Firearms

All Portland police officers are armed with a 9mm Glock handgun, either the
Glock 17 Glock is a brand of polymer- framed, short recoil-operated, locked-breech semi-automatic pistols designed and produced by Austrian manufacturer Glock Ges.m.b.H. The firearm entered Austrian military and police service by 1982 after it was th ...
, the Glock 19. Plainclothes officers carry a Glock 26. Most uniformed officers' handguns are equipped with SureFire or
Streamlight Streamlight is a company located in Eagleville, Pennsylvania, United States, that manufactures flashlights powered by various rechargeable and disposable batteries. Their product line features hand-held and weapon-mountable lights as well as ...
tactical lights. Officers often carry a backup firearm that must conform to regulations regarding caliber and type. All Portland Police Bureau officers are authorized to carry a
Remington 870 The Remington Model 870 is a pump-action shotgun manufactured by Remington Arms Company, LLC. It is widely used by the public for shooting sports, hunting and self-defense, as well as by law enforcement and military organizations worldwide. ...
shotgun (fitted with a tactical flashlight in the foregrip). After completion of bureau courses, officers are also authorized to carry Colt
AR-15 An AR-15-style rifle is any lightweight semi-automatic rifle based on the Colt AR-15 design. The original ArmaLite AR-15 is a scaled-down derivative of Eugene Stoner's ArmaLite AR-10 design. The then Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation ...
rifles and FN 40mm single shot less-lethal launchers. Special Emergency Reaction Team (SERT) officers are armed with a variety of additional weapons, including
H&K MP5A3 The Heckler & Koch MP5 (german: Maschinenpistole 5) is a 9x19mm Parabellum submachine gun, developed in the 1960s by a team of engineers from the German small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch. There are over 100 variants and clones of the MP5, ...
submachine gun A submachine gun (SMG) is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an autom ...
s, and M4A1 rifles with
EOTech EOTECH is an American company that designs, manufactures, and markets electro-optic and night vision products and systems. The company is headquartered in Plymouth, Michigan. They produce holographic weapon sights for small arms that have be ...
holographic sights. The .45 Glock 21 was once included in the list of handguns that could be used as a service pistol. However, after two incidents in which Glock 21s exploded in the hands of officers at a shooting range, the Bureau abandoned the Glock 21.


Non-lethal Weapons Non-lethal weapons, also called nonlethal weapons, less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be less likely to kill a living target than conventiona ...

All uniformed officers carry
pepper spray Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray, or capsicum spray is a lachrymatory agent (a compound that irritates the eyes to cause a burning sensation, pain, and temporary blindness) used in policing, riot control, ...
, the ASP expandable baton and a
Taser A taser is an electroshock weapon used to incapacitate people, allowing them to be approached and handled in an unresisting and thus safe manner. It is sold by Axon, formerly TASER International. It fires two small barbed darts intended t ...
. Portland Police Bureau has a LRAD "sound cannon". File:Portland police motor unit.jpg, Officers from the Traffic Division File:Occupy Portland Day 1 police.jpg, Officers of the PPB Bike Squad File:Portland Police horse unit.jpg, Officers with the now-defunct Mounted Unit File:Defending Portland (34939450952).jpg, An officer with the SERT team, along with Federal Protective Service agents, responding to protest in Downtown Portland in 2017.


Portland Police Association

Most of the bureau's rank-and-file employees are represented by the Portland Police Association union. The union also represents 911 call takers and dispatchers, who work for the Bureau of Emergency Communication. As of November 2021, Aaron Schmautz was president of the PPA. On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty, for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on the delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19. This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing
George Floyd protests The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and civil unrest against police brutality and racism that began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, and largely took place during 2020. The civil unrest and protests began as part of internat ...
, some of them at PPA headquarters. On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2025. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains a new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls. The PPA, established in 1942, is the longest continuously operating police union in the United States.


History


19th century

From 1851 to 1870 Portland was policed by a marshal, sometimes elected and sometimes appointed, who usually served a two-year term. After 1861, the marshal was empowered to hire deputies, but they did not have permanent jobs until late in the 1860s. Thomas O'Connor, a deputy, became the first Portland officer to die while on duty in a shooting on August 21, 1867. The bureau, originally named the Portland Metropolitan Police Force, was established in 1870 by the Portland City Council. The Council appointed James Lappeus as its first chief of police, in charge of a force with six patrolmen and one lieutenant, at a time when the population of Portland was less than 9,000. The first member of the Metropolitan Police Force to die in the line of duty was Officer Charles F. Schoppe, who was shot to death on June 13, 1874, while trying to disarm a drunken saloon patron.


20th century

On April 1, 1908, the bureau became the first in the United States to hire a female police officer,
Lola Baldwin Aurora "Lola" Greene Baldwin (1860 – June 22, 1957) was an American woman who became one of the first policewomen in the United States. In 1908, she was sworn in by the City of Portland as Superintendent of the Women's Auxiliary to the Pol ...
, who became the Superintendent of its newly established Women's Protective Division, especially noted for helping women during a time that PPB's officers focused on enforcement and patrol of people who could pay them under the table. Unattached women had arrived en masse for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. In 1915, the "Metropolitan Police Force" changed its name to the Bureau of Police. Four years later, the bureau became the first, in the United States, to use a police radio. Sybil Plumlee, also considered to be a pioneer in the field, served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967. PPB's "Red Squad" was formed in the 1910s to fight a rise of communism, the labor movement, and other left-wing efforts. Its membership was documented to overlap with Oregon's branch of Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s and the pro-Nazi antisemitic Silver Shirts in the 1930s; Red Squad Captain Walter Odale was part of American Defenders, a spinoff of the Silver Shirts. In one of Red Squad's "Weekly Report of Communist Activities", Odale stated Portland was the third-largest center of Nazi activity in the country. The Squad interrogated a student leader at Lincoln High School, and within days of this becoming public in 1937, the Red Squad was disbanded. Still, by 1940, the Silver Shirts were confident that police would side with their organization "if any trouble starts in Portland". By 1923 it was estimated over half of the PPB were also members of the Klan. In 1964, Black Albina resident Cleotis Rhodes was shot during a traffic stop, which led to his death. The use-of-force guidelines were amended by the new police chief to note firearms should only be used related to felonies. In a 1968
City Club of Portland The City Club of Portland is a nonprofit, nonpartisan civic organization based in Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. Established in 1916, the organization had approximately 1500 members and a paid staff of 4 in 2013. The former Mayor of Por ...
''Report on Law Enforcement'', PPB were described as having "the right to stop and frisk someone because his skin is black and he is in the black part of town." Albina, the majority-Black area of Portland, was deliberately neglected, as police and Mayor Terry Schrunk confirmed. This was intensified by the ghettoization (through
redlining In the United States, redlining is a discriminatory practice in which services ( financial and otherwise) are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as "hazardous" to investment; these neighborhoods have sign ...
and other means), concentrating Portland's Black population in Albina. Portland police were disproportionately white (1% were Black) even compared to the low percentage of Blacks in Portland (7%). Attitudes were reflected in a 1966 survey, where 86% of officers thought the civil rights movement was happening "moving too fast". Youth in the Albina neighborhood felt "watched all the time", calling the police "plantation overseers". These frustrations caused a peaceful rally to turn into an unprompted riot at Irving Park in 1967. After this, the Intelligence Unit collected information on any vocal activists and their friends, then harassed individuals "until they found a charge that would stick". A 1969 class action lawsuit on behalf of 20,000 Black Portlanders led to the 1971 settlement called the Probasco Decree. It required the police to stop using "insulting, degrading or ethnically derogatory terms" towards citizens, banned the use of SAP gloves and leaded batons, and required a search warrant to enter a home. The Internal Affairs Division was created, though it was substantially ineffective, tossing out 90% of complaints in the first year, and nearly 93% of complaints in 1979. Police behavior did not change; in 1974, a resident wrote Mayor
Neil Goldschmidt Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16, 1940) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local, state and federal offices over three decades. After serving as the United States Secretary of Transportat ...
stating "It seems as if any time a police gets the urge to punch something, they snatch the first available black man they see, and use him to satisfy their savage egos." Four Black men were killed by the police in a six-month period of 1974–1975. In March 1981, PPB officers (Craig Ward, Jim Galloway) dropped dead possums in front of Burger Barn, a Black soul food restaurant owned by George Powe on MLK. Witnesses said there were seven officers and four patrol cars involved. Ward and Galloway said they did it to relieve stress, not out of racial motivation. After pressure from the
Black United Front Black United Front also known as The Black United Front of Nova Scotia or simply BUF was a Black nationalist organization primarily based in Halifax, Nova Scotia during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Preceded by the Nova Scoti ...
and protests, Ward and Galloway were fired, though no other officers were punished. Stan Peters and the PPA protested the firings, organizing a "Cops Have Rights Too" rally, and demanding Charles Jordan, Portland's first Black city councilor and police commissioner. PPA hired Ward and Galloway to work for the union in the meantime; months later, the firing of the two was overturned in binding arbitration, which found Jordan failed to follow procedures. Marches and rallies were held, and Rev.
C. T. Vivian Cordy Tindell Vivian (July 30, 1924July 17, 2020) was an American minister, author, and close friend and lieutenant of Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement. Vivian resided in Atlanta, Georgia, and founded the C. T. Vivian Lead ...
came to the city to organize anti-Klan efforts, believing the possums represented a "Klan mentality" in the department and the ruling would lead to further attacks. In 1985, Penny Harrington became Portland's first female chief of police, and the first to head a major U.S. police department. Also in 1985, PPB killed a Black veteran, Lloyd Stevenson, by placing him in a chokehold. Stevenson had served in Vietnam for the Marine Corps, and was buried with military honors at
Willamette National Cemetery Willamette National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located about southeast of the city of Portland, Oregon. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses straddling the county line between Mult ...
. After scrutiny over Officer Gary Barbour's chokehold, on the day of his funeral, officers sold "don't choke 'em, smoke 'em" t-shirts from a police precinct (Kelly Penumbra building, 47th and E Burnside) and the Portland Police Association's bar, the Portland Police Athletic Association. Two officers, Richard Montee and Paul Wickersham, were fired by Mayor
Bud Clark John Elwood "Bud" Clark Jr. (December 19, 1931 – February 1, 2022) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 48th mayor of Portland, Oregon from 1985 to 1992. A left-leaning populist with little political experience before ...
, but later reinstated. A month after the killing, when a grand jury decided to not prosecute the officers, PPA president Stan Peters said people shouldn't "dwell on the past", stating community relations would improve once those angry with the police moved on. He had previously called Black leaders "opportunists" and "vultures" over the Stevenson killing reaction. The headquarters of the Portland Police Bureau was in the Portland Police Block until 1984. The 1912 building is now listed on the
National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic ...
. Since 1992, there have been several cases of suspects having died while in custody at the Multnomah County Detention Center.


Prohibition

Oregon passed
Prohibition Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholi ...
laws in 1915. These were enacted in 1916, well ahead of the 18th Amendment. Mayor H. Russell Albee, embroiled in several unrelated controversies, ordered chief John Clark to visibly enforce the prohibition laws. Clark created a "morals squad" in 1916 with Lt. Leo A. Harms as its leader. The raids and arrests focused on the consumers and low-level suppliers, making little impact. Even when an individual appeared in front of a jury trial, the jury would decline to find the person guilty. In at least two cases the jury drank the evidence (liquor) then acquitted the accused for lack of evidence. Portland's liquor from Prohibition through the 1950s was supplied through a loose ring of
Pullman porter Pullman porters were men hired to work for the railroads as porters on sleeping cars. Starting shortly after the American Civil War, George Pullman sought out former slaves to work on his sleeper cars. Their job was to carry passengers’ ba ...
s. A 1917 raid on Portland's Golden West Hotel, the a hotspot for Portland's Black population and the porters, was a very public event even if no charges were successful.
George Luis Baker George Luis Baker (1868–1941) was an American businessman and politician who served as mayor of Portland, Oregon, from 1917 to 1933. Baker was born in The Dalles and attended school in California. Working in the theatrical business, Baker star ...
became mayor in June 1917; he and PPB chief Leon Jenkins took control of liquor distribution (through bootlegging) and kept speakeasies open. Confiscated liquor was stored in PPB's Central Precinct basement. Several officers on the morals and motorcycle squads were involved in the smuggling. The motorcycle squad operated under Captain Frank Ervin, handling chief Jenkins' "dirty work" such as anti-union work and alcohol distribution. Jim Purcell, later chief detective and police chief, was clearly linked with mobster Jim Elkins and described later as "He was very good at derailing investigations and covering up murders. Jim Elkins... paid Purcell well for his services." A wild Oregon Auto Dealers convention at the
Multnomah Hotel The Multnomah Hotel, located in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, is a historic hotel building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It currently operates as the Embassy Suites by Hilton Portland Downtown. History The 700 ...
led to a raid in 1918, yet no arrests for drinking were made.


Intelligence Files

In the 1950s through the 1980s, PPB's Intelligence Division, the effective successor to the Red Squad, kept files on hundreds of Portland organizations, ranging from the ACLU, Black United Front, Bicycle Repair Collective, and the People's Food co-op. The Intelligence Division had approximately six officers who would gather intelligence and news clippings on organizations and individuals related to them. The paperwork was against city policy, and in 1981 it became against state law (181.575). Some reports were filed even after 1981. Most of the reports focused on left-leaning organizations. Winfield Falk took the records home sometime between 1981 and 1985, then moved them to a barn in eastern Washington. Falk died in 1987, and
Portland Tribune The ''Portland Tribune'' is a weekly newspaper published every Wednesday in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Pamplin Media Group, which publishes a number of community newspapers in the Portland metropolitan area. Launched in ...
's Phil Stanford chased leads until he found and acquired the files in 2002 or prior. Stanford "was devastated" because they weren't of use to him, so he gave them to the Tribune. Winfield Falk was a member of the right-wing
John Birch Society The John Birch Society (JBS) is an American right-wing political advocacy group. Founded in 1958, it is anti-communist, supports social conservatism, and is associated with ultraconservative, radical right, far-right, or libertarian ideas. T ...
, which had been involved with intelligence gathering in a similar unit of the
Los Angeles Police Department The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially known as the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the municipal police department of Los Angeles, California. With 9,974 police officers and 3,000 civilian staff, it is the third-lar ...
in 1983. Individuals tracked in the files included Bev Stein,
Ron Herndon Ron Herndon was born circa 1946 in Coffeyville, Kansas. He moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1968 to attend Reed College, where he convinced the college to start a Black Studies program. He earned a B. A. in history in 1970; his thesis was titled "Ra ...
,
Neil Goldschmidt Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16, 1940) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local, state and federal offices over three decades. After serving as the United States Secretary of Transportat ...
,
Vera Katz Vera Katz (née Pistrak; August 3, 1933 – December 11, 2017) was an American Democratic politician in the state of Oregon. She was the first woman to serve as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives and was the 49th mayor of Portland, ...
,
Harl H. Haas Jr. Harl H. Haas Jr. (December 24, 1932 – September 21, 2013) was an American politician and jurist in Oregon. A native of Missouri, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly as a Democrat before serving as a district attorne ...
, and
Elizabeth Furse Elizabeth Furse (October 13, 1936 – April 18, 2021) was a Kenya Colony-born American small business owner and former faculty member of Portland State University. She was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999 ...
. When Harrington became chief in 1985, Falk shared intelligence files on city commissioners Mike Lindberg and Margaret Strachan. She said "I just blew up at alk and broke up the intelligence and vice divisions. She resigned as chief in June 1986. The files were analyzed by
Portland Tribune The ''Portland Tribune'' is a weekly newspaper published every Wednesday in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Pamplin Media Group, which publishes a number of community newspapers in the Portland metropolitan area. Launched in ...
in 2002 and given to the City of Portland Archives (PARC) in 2004. During an
ethnographic study Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject ...
using document theory, researcher Kathy Carbone created an object biography on the files as a whole, noting the concept of "imagined-but-unavailable records" led many to experience strong emotions. Further, the files became recontextualized over time.


21st century

In 2000, a large protest occurred on May Day. Following that, police chief Mark Kroeker issued a policy to not use less-lethal force to disperse crowds. He also formed the Rapid Response Team designed for crowd control. During protests against a Bush visit in August 2002, police escalated the force used to disperse protesters, indiscriminately using batons, rubber bullets, and pepper spray. Children (including a 10 month old baby), independent police observers and a TV cameraperson (Beth English, KPTV) were deliberately sprayed from as little as one foot away from their face. This was counter to the RRT training and the Kroeker policy. The assistant chief, Greg Clark, put responsibility of the children being pepper sprayed on the parents; complaints were filed with the Bureau but they said no inappropriate behavior had occurred. Mayor
Vera Katz Vera Katz (née Pistrak; August 3, 1933 – December 11, 2017) was an American Democratic politician in the state of Oregon. She was the first woman to serve as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives and was the 49th mayor of Portland, ...
, however, began to make changes on how crowd dispersal is handled. Protesters and police both escalated tactics in 2002–2003; in March 2003, a splinter group of black bloc rushed motorcycle police on the Steel Bridge. Police responded, pepperspraying the bloc and innocent bystanders. In 2011, three Portland police officers beat and tazed a citizen during a traffic stop. While denied by the officers, the episode was caught on a nearby security camera, showing him being repeatedly punched in the head and tazed four times in 30 seconds. A medic report stated "police on scene very reluctant to give any info how patient was injured". In 2014 his civil suit by jury trial concluded, with the jury awarding him $562,000. Greg Kafoury, a lawyer for the citizen, stated "The Portland police are a law unto themselves. These officers will not be disciplined. ...In the past 50 years, no Portland police officer has ever lost their job for physically abusing a citizen." The officers were cleared through an internal investigation.


Mark Kruger

Sgt. Mark Kruger was revealed to have pepper sprayed Beth English, the KPTV cameraperson, in the 2002 protest. After documented aggression against English and another woman the following year, friends began to speak out against him, stating he had been collecting Nazi memorabilia in the early 1980s and that they would drive through the city, yelling racist and homophobic statements at people. The PPB defended Kruger. PPB spokesperson Brian Schmautz said "If he's a Nazi, then I'm Saddam Hussein". The city attorney's office tried to quash the Nazi details in a lawsuit, stating it violated Kruger's free-speech and privacy rights. In 2000, Kruger placed a shrine to Nazi soldiers on public park property at
Rocky Butte Rocky Butte (previously known as Mowich Illahee and Wiberg Butte) is an extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is also part of the Boring Lava Field, a group of volcanic vents and lava flows throughout Oregon and Wash ...
. When Kruger's past was discovered during the 2003 lawsuits, Kruger removed the shrine. The shrine was stored in the city attorney's office by then-deputy Tracy Reeve, preventing their discovery during the lawsuits. Kruger remained on the force and was promoted to captain in 2009. Kruger admitted to wearing Nazi uniforms, explaining that he was a history buff, but denied ever engaging in racist activities or holding Nazi beliefs. In 2010, the shrine's existence was discovered in an internal affairs investigation ordered by commissioner Dan Saltzman. Kruger was disciplined and suspended for two weeks, but was not demoted or fired. Kruger continued to state that he was a history buff, not a Nazi. He remained on the force until his retirement. In a May 2013 investigation of Kruger, assistant police chief Eric Hendricks discouraged Kruger from appearing before the Performance Review Board to defend himself in a retaliation case. Hendricks was also in charge of internal affairs and police professional standards. A review found that Hendricks didn't violate any rule, but that his actions were contrary to the process; Hendricks announced his retirement when the review was opened. In July 2013, Kruger received a "We Are Portland" award from the Portland Office of Equity and Human Rights (EHR). The director of EHR asked Kruger to not attend the public ceremony and to instead receive the award later; the director apologized for this, recognizing Kruger's "current work and dedication to our city's immigrant and refugee community". The EHR said they weren't aware of investigations into Kruger. Kruger sued the city in 2013. The resulting 2014 settlement expunged his past disciplinary records and provided him a complimentary letter from police chief Mike Reese. Charlie Hales, (then the mayor and police commissioner), claimed to be unaware of terms of the settlement, despite signing it. Amid outrage, Hales apologized when the details were made public. Commissioner Novick called it outrageous and "an insult to anyone of Jewish or Russian or Polish descent."


Police killings

In several high-profile cases, including the James Chasse, Jr. and
Kendra James Kendra James was a 21-year-old African-American Oregonian mother of two, who was fatally shot by police on May 5, 2003. The incident sparked a controversy over the use of deadly force by the Portland Police Bureau in Portland, Oregon. James was ...
incidents, the Portland Police Bureau has been accused of engaging in the abuse of force and then covering up the investigation. The accusations have prompted a Copwatch program in Portland. In neither the Chasse nor the James interactions were the Portland Police Bureau, nor any sworn officer, found guilty of criminal wrongdoing. In January 2010, PPB shot and killed Aaron Campbell, a black man, in what Jesse Jackson called an execution. Campbell was suicidal and was known to own a gun. During a
welfare check Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifical ...
, Campbell had been responding to officer commands and was facing away from them with his hands on his head. When officers felt he was not responding to their commands, an officer (Lewton) shot him with a beanbag round; Campbell then lowered his hands and began to run away. Lewton then shot him with five more beanbag rounds and a K-9 unit released their German Shepherd. Officer Ronald Frashour then shot Campbell in the back with his AR-15, as Frashour believed he was reaching for a gun and would be behind cover. After several internal reviews, Police Chief Michael Reese terminated Frashour in November 2010, indicating he had acted in poor judgement, that Campbell was instinctively responding to pain from the beanbag, was only displaying passive resistance, and had not put officers or the community in immediate threat. Based on that Reese believed the use of force was not reasonably necessary, that Frashour's rigid thought process saw all of Campbell's reactions in the worst light, and that Frashour evaluated the situation as a sniper. Lewton and two other officers received an 80-hour (two week) suspension. A grand jury was convened by the Multnomah County District Attorney (a standard practice); the grand jury declined to indict any of the officers. Campbell's family settled a
wrongful death Wrongful death claim is a claim against a person who can be held liable for a death. The claim is brought in a civil action, usually by close relatives, as enumerated by statute. In wrongful death cases, survivors are compensated for the harm, ...
lawsuit with the city for $1.2 million in February 2012. The Portland Police Association fought Frashour's termination, and he was ultimately reinstated after an arbitrator overturned the city's termination in March 2012. Frashour also received his lost wages. PPA president Daryl Turner said the firing had been politically motivated, and said 25 officers had stated the deadly force was reasonable during Frashour's arbitration. William Lewinski, an expert witness and police shooting advocate, also defended Frashour, stating Campbell could have grabbed his gun, turned around, and fired at an officer faster than Frashour could have reacted with his AR-15 at the ready. This action-reaction theory was called the "Superman theory" by Portland Copwatch's Dan Handelman. Mayor Sam Adams was disappointed by the reinstatement. In 2011, the
Department of Justice A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
began an investigation into civil rights violations at the PPB. This resulted in the '' United States v. City of Portland'' settlement regarding their
use of force The use of force, in the context of law enforcement, may be defined as the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject". Use of force doctrines can be employed by law enforcement officers and military pers ...
. In a 120-page independent review of police-involved killings in 2020, the auditors noted that despite an improvement in transparency and outreach related to the killings, they noted the lack of a "reservoir of goodwill" from the department and called out the failure of timeliness in the investigations and review process. In two of the seven deaths, there was no analysis, but only a cursory review. The department had concluded that nothing was to be learned from the incidents and that police conduct in them met bureau policy. This was not true.


Alt-right, Antifa, and Black Lives Matter

In 2014, just before a grand jury ruling on the death of Michael Brown by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, at least three officers altered an image of their police badges to state "I AM DARREN WILSON". Chief Mike Reese demanded the officers remove the images, calling them inflammatory, noting it was against policy to imply such a political endorsement using their badges. One of the three officers had previously been noted for using inappropriate force in 2011 against a Spanish-speaking man. At a Black Lives Matter rally in 2015, an officer tweeted that he was "stuck late again at work to babysit these fools." He was removed from street duty for an internal investigation; the officer had been warned in 2012 after messaging the entire department his "knee-jerk reaction" to the upcoming
Department of Justice A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
investigation of PPB. In June 2017, a
Patriot Prayer Patriot Prayer is a far-right group founded by Joey Gibson in 2016 and based in Vancouver, Washington, a suburban city in the Portland metropolitan area. Since 2016, the group has organized several dozen pro-gun, pro-Trump rallies held in liber ...
protest was held a week after the racist slayings in the 2017 Portland train attack. Alt-right demonstrators such as Todd Kelsay and Tusitala “Tiny” Toese assisted
Department of Homeland Security The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-ter ...
officers detain and arrest counter-protesters. Additionally, PPB and Oregon State Police kettled almost 400 counter-protesters. The counter-protesters were detained until photographed and showing their identification (which was also photographed); individuals wearing masks were required to remove them. Instructions were communicated over a LRAD. The group included journalists, who were given the same treatment. The police chief, Marshman, initially claimed it was other agencies, not PPB, who took the photos, which was disproven. Marshman also stated PPB would purge the photos if the individual wasn't part of an investigation, but still had all of the images a year later. The Independent Police Review noted the chilling effects to free speech and the lack of reasonable suspicion of criminal acts by the group; deleted portions of the IPR report described the alt-right as being considered "much more mainstream" by one police lieutenant. ACLU of Oregon described the kettling as a "counterproductive and constitutionally dubious response to protesters", and opened a class action lawsuit against the police in November 2017; the case was still ongoing as of August 2020. After 2017-2018 confrontations between the
alt-right The alt-right, an abbreviation of alternative right, is a far-right, white nationalist movement. A largely online phenomenon, the alt-right originated in the United States during the late 2000s before increasing in popularity during the mid-2 ...
and anti-fascists, Lieutenant Jeff Niiya's close conversations via text with Joey Gibson, head of Patriot Prayer, was published. Niiya helped members avoid arrest. After a six-month investigation, Niiya was not disciplined for this, but the investigation also showed that the police chief and Mayor Ted Wheeler knew about Niiya's communication. An officer was hired from
Burlington, New Jersey Burlington is a city in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a suburb of Philadelphia. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 9,743. Burlington was first incorporated on October 24, 1693, and was ...
's sheriff's department in 2017. Center for Investigative Reporting's ''Reveal'' documented his ties to extremist groups during his time in Burlington, including the anti-government Military Patriot Oath Keepers and the anti-Muslim Voice of the American Infidels. PPB's internal affairs department investigated him for three months and wouldn't share the outcome, but the officer is still employed by PPB. The Oregonian noted that existing social media policies would not punish individuals who were part of private social media groups. In an ongoing series of
protests A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration or remonstrance) is a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one. Protests can be thought of as acts of coopera ...
beginning in May 2020 following the
murder of George Floyd On , George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, was murdered in the U.S. city of Minneapolis by Derek Chauvin, a 44-year-old white police officer. Floyd had been arrested on suspicion of using a counterfeit $20 bill. Chauvin knelt on Floyd's ...
, the Portland Police Bureau has clashed with Portlanders demanding justice against police brutality. In what ''
Rolling Stone ''Rolling Stone'' is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco, California, in 1967 by Jann Wenner, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its ...
'' reporter Tim Dickinson called "with no remorse or sense of irony", the PPB has been widely criticized for their violent tactics to dissolve the protests including
tear gas Tear gas, also known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial aerosol, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In ...
, flash bombs, impact munitions, and
use of force The use of force, in the context of law enforcement, may be defined as the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject". Use of force doctrines can be employed by law enforcement officers and military pers ...
without warning. The PPB has also been the target of temporary restraining orders for violating constitutional rights and for attacking journalists. The PPB were supplemented with federal agents deployed by President Donald Trump who have reportedly arrested rioters and antifa off the streets from unmarked police vehicles for detainment without reading
Miranda Rights In the United States, the ''Miranda'' warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) advising them of their right to silence and, in effect, protection ...
, providing cause, or identifying themselves. After Mayor Wheeler banned the use of CS gas by PPB on September 10, 2020, the Portland Police Bureau issued a press release, blaming the need for CS gas on the protesters, described as "Victim Blaming 101" by a journalist. PPA's Turner said it would "blow up in the Mayor's face". Days later, Wheeler emailed the police chief and staff, admonishing them for the apparent insubordination in the press release, and later called it "serious breach of protocol and an inappropriate use of City communications resources".


COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the PPB's union fought against attempts to implement a requirement for COVID-19 vaccination for PPB staff. The union said the vaccine requirement would lead to mass resignations, as PPB officers were "so deeply" opposed that they would resign rather than get the vaccine.


Police Chiefs

Source: * James H. Lappeus (1st term November 1, 1870 – June 17, 1877) * Lucerne Besser (June 18, 1877 – October 29, 1879) * James H. Lappeus (2nd term October 30, 1879 – June 30, 1883) * William H. Watkinds (July 18, 1883 – April 23, 1884) * Samuel B. Parrish (April 24, 1884 – July 31, 1892) * Ernest W. Spencer (August 1, 1892 – November 11, 1892) * Charles H. Hunt (November 12, 1892 – July 31, 1894, and below) * John W. Minto (August 1, 1894 – October 5, 1896) * L. W. "Doc" Robertson (October 6, 1896 – March 10, 1897) * John Myers (March 11, 1897 – June 8, 1897) * Patrick J. Barry (June 9, 1897 – July 2, 1897) * Michael J. Clohessy (July 3, 1897 – June 30, 1898) * Daniel M. McLaughlin (July 1, 1898 – January 22, 1903) * Charles H. Hunt (above and January 23, 1903 – July 14, 1905 ? 1906) * Charles Critzmaucher (July 15, 1906 – July 1, 1909) * A. M. Cox (July 2, 1909 – June 30, 1911) * Enoch Glover (July 1, 1911 – June 30, 1913) * John Clark (July 1, 1913 – July 31, 1917) * Nelson F. Johnson (August 1, 1917 – November 7, 1919) * Leon V. Jenkins (November 8, 1919 – June 30, 1933, and below) * Burton K. Lawson (July 1, 1933 – November 30, 1934) * Harry M. Niles (December 1, 1934 – June 30, 1946) * Leon V. Jenkins (above and July 1, 1946 – January 5, 1948) * James Fleming (January 6, 1948 – December 31, 1948) * Charles P. Pray (January 1, 1949 – April 30, 1951) * Donald I. McNamara (April 1, 1951 – January 2, 1953, and below) ates given conflict* James W. Purcell Jr. (January 1, 1953 – January 1, 1957) * William J. Hilbruner (January 1, 1957 – November 12, 1960) * David H. Johnson (November 21, 1960 – July 8, 1964) * Donald McNamara (acting Chief July 9–22, 1964. Chief July 23, 1964 – January 1974) * Bruce R. Baker (January 15, 1974 – May 31, 1981) * Ronald R. Still (June 1, 1981 – January 4, 1985) * Gary M. Haynes (January 4, 1985 – January 23, 1985) * Penny Harrington (January 24, 1985 – June 2, 1986) * Robert M. Tobin (June 2, 1986 – August 20, 1986) * James T. Davis (August 20, 1986 – April 7, 1987) * Richard D. Walker (April 7, 1987 – November 18, 1990) * Thomas J. Potter (November 19, 1990 – June 29, 1993) * Charles A. Moose (June 29, 1993 – August 1999) * Mark A. Kroeker (August 1999 – August 29, 2003) * Derrick Foxworth (August 29, 2003 – June 2006) * Rosie Sizer (June 22, 2006 – May 12, 2010, fired by Mayor Adams after holding a PPB press conference to criticize his funding decisions)Technically, Rosie Sizer is still a Portland police chief
a May 13, 2010, blog post from ''
The Oregonian ''The Oregonian'' is a daily newspaper based in Portland, Oregon, United States, owned by Advance Publications. It is the oldest continuously published newspaper on the U.S. west coast, founded as a weekly by Thomas J. Dryer on December 4, 18 ...
''
* Michael Reese (May 12, 2010 – January 2, 2015, retired) * Larry O'Dea (January 2, 2015 – March 27, 2016, resigned after attempting to cover up an incident where he accidentally shot a friend while drunk on a hunting trip) * Donna Henderson (Interim) (March 27, 2016 – June 27, 2016) * Michael Marshman (June 27, 2016 – October 2, 2017) * Chris Uehara (interim) (August 24, 2017 - October 1, 2017 * Danielle Outlaw (October 2, 2017 – December 31, 2019) *
Jami Resch Jami L. Resch is the former chief of police of the police bureau of Portland, Oregon, United States. She served in that role from December 31, 2019, until June 8, 2020. Early life and education Resch was born in Montana, and moved to the Bea ...
(December 31, 2019 – June 8, 2020) * Chuck Lovell (June 8, 2020 – current)


See also

* List of law enforcement agencies in Oregon *
Multnomah County Sheriff's Office Multnomah County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) serves the close to 700,000 residents of Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. Multnomah County Sheriff's Office is a County Law Enforcement agency that handles 9-1-1 calls and assists other city age ...
*
Multnomah County Sheriff's Office Search and Rescue Multnomah County Sheriff's Office Search and Rescue (MCSO SAR) is a non-profit volunteer search and rescue resource for the Multnomah County Sheriff's Office in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. The agency also offers its 3,000-5,000 hours ...


References


External links

*
Portland Police Bureau 2021 Organizational Chart
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PDF Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. ...
{{Coord, 45.515204, -122.676795, type:landmark_region:US-OR, display=t 1870 establishments in Oregon Government agencies established in 1870 Government of Portland, Oregon Municipal police departments of Oregon