The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged

insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...

s, comprising the

Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – gras ...

(grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other

neoptera Neoptera (Ancient Greek ''néos'' ("new") + ''pterón'' ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basa ...

n insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and

Paraneoptera Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a Order (biology), superorder of insects which includes Psocodea, lice (Psocoptera, bark lice and Louse, true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from ...

as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no

pupa A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...

, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages. Many members of the group have leathery forewings ( tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus). When

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his ''

Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the Orthographic ligature, ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Sweden, Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the syste ...

'' in 1758, there were few animals included in the scheme, and consequently few groups. As more and more new species were discovered and differences recognised, the original groups proposed by Linnaeus were split up. Originally all polyneopteran insects were in the genus ''

Gryllus ''Gryllus'' is a genus of field cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllinae). Members of the genus are typically 15–31 mm long and darkly coloured. The type species is ''Gryllus campestris'' L.: the European field cricket. History Until ...

'', this genus now contains a group of closely related

crickets Crickets are orthopteran insects which are related to bush crickets and more distantly, to grasshoppers. In older literature, such as Imms,Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) ''A General Textbook of Entomology'' 9th Ed. Methuen 886 ...

. In the scheme used by Linnaeus the genus contained

, grasshoppers,

locusts Locusts (derived from the Latin ''locusta'', locust or lobster) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a Swarm behaviour, swarming phase. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circu ...

, katydids / bush crickets (

Tettigoniidae Insects in the family (biology), family Tettigoniidae are commonly called katydids (especially in North America) or bush crickets. They have previously been known as "long-horned grasshoppers". More than 8,000 species are known. Part of the subo ...

), stick insects, and praying mantises. These groups, along with the

cockroaches Cockroaches (or roaches) are insects belonging to the Order (biology), order Blattodea (Blattaria). About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some species are well-known Pest (organism), pests. Modern cockro ...

, which Linnaeus did treat differently, are all orthopteroid insects. The newly discovered order Mantophasmatodea is also an orthopteroid order.

Taxonomy

Extant

The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera: * Superorder Dictyoptera ** Order

Blattodea Blattodea is an order (biology), order of insects that contains cockroaches and termites. Formerly, termites were considered a separate order, Isoptera, but genetics, genetic and molecular evidence suggests they evolved from within the cockroach ...

(cockroaches and termites) ** Order

Mantodea Mantises are an Order (biology), order (Mantodea) of insects that contains List of mantis genera and species, over 2,400 species in about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids") ...

(praying mantises) * Order

(grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) * Order

Dermaptera Earwigs make up the insect order Dermaptera. With about 2,000 species in 12 families, they are one of the smaller insect orders. Earwigs have characteristic cerci, a pair of forceps-like pincers on their abdomen, and membranous wings folde ...

(earwigs) * Order

Embioptera The order Embioptera, commonly known as webspinners or footspinners, are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects, classified under the subclass Pterygota. The order has also been called Embiodea or Embiidina. More than 400 spe ...

(web-spinners) * Order

Plecoptera Plecoptera is an order (biology), order of insects commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to b ...

(stoneflies) * Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) * Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) * Order

Phasmatodea The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an Order (biology), order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred ...

(stick and leaf insects) * Order

Zoraptera The insect order (biology), order Zoraptera, commonly known as angel insects, contains small and soft bodied insects with two forms: winged with wings sheddable as in termites, dark and with eyes (compound) and ocelli (simple); or wingless, pale ...

(angel insects)

Fossil

The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera: * Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives) ** † Caloneurodea ** † Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida) ** † Geraroptera ** † Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic ** order ''

Incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' *** family † Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911 *** family † Chresmodidae Haase, 1890 *** family † Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003 *** family † Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885 *** genus †'' Chenxiella'' Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009 *** genus †'' Lobeatta'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †'' Longzhua'' Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011 *** genus †'' Nectoptilus'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †'' Sinopteron'' Prokop & Ren, 2007 * Stem-group Phasmatodea ** †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968 ** †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980 ** †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918 ** †family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968 ** †family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928 * Stem-group Dermaptera ** † Protelytroptera * †" Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?) ** † Geinitziidae ** † Gorochoviidae ** † Juraperlidae ** † Bajanzhargalanidae ** ... * † Eoblattida * † Paoliida * † Protorthoptera * † family Magicivenidae

Phylogeny

The following

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

Taxonomy

Extant

Fossil

Phylogeny

See also

Notes

References

External links