The

cohort Cohort or cohortes may refer to: * Cohort (educational group), a group of students working together through the same academic curriculum * Cohort (floating point), a set of different encodings of the same numerical value * Cohort (military unit) ...

Polyneoptera is a proposed taxonomic ranking for the

Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grassh ...

(grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other

Neoptera Neoptera (Ancient Greek ''néos'' (“new”) + ''pterón'' (“wing”)) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the mo ...

n insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. These winged insects, now in the Paraneoptera, were formerly grouped as the Hemimetabola or

Exopterygota The Exopterygota ( Ancient Greek ''ἔξω'' (éxō, “outside”) + ''πτερόν'' (pterón, “wing”) + New Latin ''-ota'' (“having”)), also known as Hemipterodea, are a superorder of insects of the subclass Pterygota in the infrac ...

on the grounds that they have no

metamorphosis Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some inse ...

, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.

Taxonomy

The ''Polyneoptera Species File'' lists the following:

Superorder Dermapterida

* † Protelytroptera

Superorder
Dictyoptera Dictyoptera (from Greek δίκτυον ''diktyon'' "net" and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing") is an insect superorder that includes two extant orders of polyneopterous insects: the order Blattodea (termites and cockroaches together) and the or ...

Blattodea Blattodea is an order of insects that contains cockroaches and termites. Formerly, termites were considered a separate order, Isoptera, but genetic and molecular evidence suggests they evolved from within the cockroach lineage, cladistically mak ...

– cockroaches and termites *

Mantodea Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They ha ...

– praying mantises

Superorder Orthopterida

Synonyms include: Archaeorthoptera, Gryllidea, Orthopterodea, Orthopterodida, Orthopteroidea, Panorthoptera * † Caloneurodea * † Geraroptera *

– 2 extant suborders: ** Caelifera – grasshoppers, groundhoppers, pygmy mole-crickets ** Ensifera – crickets, mole-crickets, katydids or bush crickets, camel crickets, wetas, etc. * † Titanoptera – from the Triassic period * order ''

Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'' ** family † Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911 ** family † Chresmodidae Haase, 1890 ** family † Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003 ** family † Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885 *** genus †'' Chenxiella'' Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009 *** genus †'' Lobeatta'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †'' Nectoptilus'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †'' Sinopteron'' Prokop & Ren, 2007

Superorder Perlidea (synonym Plecopteroidea)

* † Cnemidolestida *

Dermaptera Earwigs make up the insect order Dermaptera. With about 2,000 species in 12 families, they are one of the smaller insect orders. Earwigs have characteristic cerci, a pair of forcep-like pincers on their abdomen, and membranous wings folded ...

– earwigs *

Embioptera The order Embioptera, commonly known as webspinners or footspinners, are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects, classified under the subclass Pterygota. The order has also been called Embiodea or Embiidina. More than 400 s ...

– web-spinners * † Eoblattida *

Plecoptera Plecoptera is an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the mos ...

– stone-flies * †" Grylloblattida" ** † Geinitziidae ** † Juraperlidae ** † Bajanzhargalanidae *

Notoptera The wingless insect order Notoptera, a group first proposed in 1915, had been largely unrecognized since its original conception, until resurrected in 2004. As now defined, the order comprises five families, three of them known only from fossils ...

– redefined in 2006 to include

Grylloblattidae Grylloblattidae, commonly known as the icebugs, or ice crawlers, is a family of extremophile (psychrophile) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains and the edges of glaciers. They belong, along with Mantophasmatidae (rock c ...

(ice-crawlers) and

Mantophasmatidae Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous wingless insects within the order Notoptera, which was discovered in Africa in 2001.K.-D. Klass, O. Zompro, N.P. Kristensen, J. Adis. Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the afr ...

(gladiators) * †

Protorthoptera The Protorthoptera are an extinct order of Palaeozoic insects, and represent a wastebasket taxon and paraphyletic assemblage of basal neoptera. They appear during the Middle Carboniferous (late Serpukhovian or early Bashkirian), making them among ...

Stem-Phasmatodea

* †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968 * †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980 * †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918 * † family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968 * † family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928 *

Phasmatodea The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida, Phasmatoptera or Spectra) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs, walking sticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as D ...

– stick and leaf insects

Superorder not placed

* Zoraptera – angel insects * † family Magicivenidae

Phylogeny

Song et al 2016 propose a molecular phylogeny for the Polyneoptera, as shown in the phylogenetic tree:

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q822890 Insects by classification Neoptera