Peer or Pir ( fa, پیر, lit=elder)
is a title for a
Sufi
Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...
spiritual guide. They are also referred to as a ''
Hazrat'' (from ar, حضرة, Haḍra) and ''
Sheikh
Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...
'' or
Shaykh
Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...
, which is literally the Arabic equivalent. The title is often translated into English as "saint." In
Sufism
Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality ...
a Pir's role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the Sufi path. This is often done by general lessons (called ''Suhbas'') and individual guidance. Other words that refer to a Pir include ''
Murshid'' ( ar, مرشد, lit=guide, mentor) and ''Sarkar'' ( fa, سرکار, lit=master, lord).
The title ''Peer Baba'' (from fa, بابا, lit=father) is common in the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, In ...
used as a salutation to Sufi masters or similarly honored persons. After their death, people visit their tombs or mausolea, referred to as
dargah or
maqbara.
The path of Sufism starts when a student takes an oath of allegiance with a teacher called ''Bai'at'' or ''
Bay'ah'' (Arabic word meaning "transaction") where he swears allegiance at the hands of his Pir and repents of all his previous sins. After that, the student is called a
Murid (Arabic word meaning committed one). From here, his
batin (esoteric) journey starts.
A Pir usually has authorizations to be a teacher for one (or more)
tariqah
A tariqa (or ''tariqah''; ar, :wikt:طريقة, طريقة ') is a school or order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking ''haqiqa'', which translates as "u ...
s. A tariqah may have more than one Pir at a time. A Pir is accorded that status by his Sheikh by way of ''Khilafat'' or ''
Khilafah'' (Arabic word meaning "succession"), a process in which the Pir identifies one of his disciples as his successor, which may be more than one.
See also
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Spiritual direction
Spiritual direction is the practice of being with people as they attempt to deepen their relationship with the divine, or to learn and grow in their personal spirituality. The person seeking direction shares stories of their encounters of the div ...
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Satya Pir, a folk hero
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Syed Pir Badshah
Syed Pīr Bādshāh ( bn, সৈয়দ পীর বাদশাহ, fa, سید پیر بادشاه), was a late medieval Bengali Sufi saint and author of Taraf. He is best known for writing ''Ganj-e-Taraz'' in the Persian language.
Early ...
, Persian author of Bengal
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Panchpiria
The Panchpiria are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India.People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1105 to 1107 Manohar Publications
Origin
The word panchpiria literally in ...
, an ethnic group defined by their reverence for five pirs
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Sufism in Bangladesh, which may also be referred to as "Pirism" because of the central role played by Pirs
References
Further reading
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Persian words and phrases
Islamic honorifics
Religious leadership roles
Sufism in India
Sufism in Pakistan
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