The ''Pinpeat'' ( km, ពិណពាទ្យ, ) is the largest Khmer traditional

musical ensemble A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists ...

. It has performed the ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples of

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...

since ancient times. The

orchestra An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families. There are typically four main sections of instruments: * bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, c ...

consists of approximately nine or ten instruments, mainly

wind Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few ...

and

percussion A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Exc ...

(including several varieties of

xylophone The xylophone (; ) is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets. Like the glockenspiel (which uses metal bars), the xylophone essentially consists of a set of tuned wooden keys arranged in ...

and

drums A drum kit (also called a drum set, trap set, or simply drums) is a collection of drums, cymbals, and other auxiliary percussion instruments set up to be played by one person. The player (drummer) typically holds a pair of matching drumsticks ...

). It accompanies court dances, masked plays,

shadow play Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim. The cut-ou ...

s, and

religious Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatur ...

ceremonies. This ensemble is originated in Cambodia since before Angkorian era. The pinpeat is analogous to the

pinphat Pinphat is a traditional Lao ensemble used to accompanied in Laotian shadow theater and masked theater Phralak Phralam, the Laotian version of Indian Ramaya. This ensemble was adopted from the Khmer orchestra. Pinphat is analogous to Khmer Pinpea ...

adopted from the Khmer court by the

Lao people The Lao people are a Tai ethnic group native to Southeast Asia, who speak the eponymous language of the Kra–Dai languages. They are the majority ethnic group of Laos, making up 53.2% of the total population. The majority of Lao people adhere ...

and the

piphat A ''piphat'' is a kind of ensemble in the classical music of Thailand, which features wind and percussion instruments. It is considered the primary form of ensemble for the interpretation of the most sacred and "high-class" compositions of the ...

ensemble of Thailand.Sam-Ang Sam "Cambodia" in ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd ed., 2001. pp. 861-863

Etymology

According to

Chuon Nath Chuon Nath ( km, ជួន ណាត; 11 March 1883 – 25 September 1969) was a Cambodian monk and the late ''Gana Mahanikaya'' Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia. Amongst his achievements is his effort in conservation of the Khmer language in the ...

's Khmer dictionary, the 'Pinpeat' is composed of the Sanskrit terms ''vina/ pin'' () referring to the pin (harp), which was formerly used as the premiere instrument in this ensemble, and ''vadya/ padya/ peat'' () referring to an ensemble of instruments.Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary. 1966, Buddhist Institute, Phnom Penh According to Sonankavei, the professor from the Department of Music of the Cambodian Royal University of Fine Art, the word ''pinpeat'' is derived from the combination of two musical instruments including ''pin'' (harp) and ''vadya''/ ''peat'', referring to a genre of kong called ''kongpeat.'' The Laotian adoption of Khmer pinpeat is called pinphat. The term ''piphat'' was also used among Cambodians familiar with the Thai language; this can be attributed to the former annexation of the northern provinces of Cambodia, however, Pinpeat in fact originated from Cambodia.

History

The history of the pinpeat can be traced back to the origins Khmer music. The orchestra and its lead instrument of that era, the

pin (harp) The pin ( km, ពិណ, ) is a Cambodian harp, one of the most historically important instruments in Cambodian music. The instrument went extinct 1500s, and is now being restored in modern times. Its historical importance is emphasized by the v ...

, were introduced to early Khmer kingdoms from

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

, where the pin was depicted far back as the Gupta period (3rd century a.d. – 543 a.d.). An example from that era can be seen in a relief at the Pawaya site in modern Madya Pradesh, India. The pin may have been introduced to Cambodia in its first kingdom, Funan; however, few structures and evidence remain from this period. The earliest surviving depiction of the pin in Cambodia is dated to the 7th century on the temple at

Sambor Prey Kuk Sambor Prei Kuk ( km, សំបូរព្រៃគុហ៍, ) is an archaeological site in Cambodia located in Kampong Thom Province, north of Kampong Thom, the provincial capital, east of Angkor and north of Phnom Penh. The now ruined ...

, part of another Khmer kingdom known in Chinese record as

Chenla Chenla or Zhenla (; km, ចេនឡា, ; vi, Chân Lạp) is the Chinese designation for the successor polity of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late sixth to the early ninth century in Indoc ...

, the successor of Funan. This instrument appeared in Hindu religious art in temples from the 7th to 13th centuries A.D. The instrument was frequently seen being depicted on the walls of Sambor Prey Kuk, Banteay Chhmar,

Bayon The Bayon ( km, ប្រាសាទបាយ័ន, ) is a richly decorated Khmer temple related to Buddhism at Angkor in Cambodia. Built in the late 12th or early 13th century as the state temple of the King Jayavarman VII ( km, ព្រ� ...

, and other Khmer temples. During the

Angkor Angkor ( km, អង្គរ , 'Capital city'), also known as Yasodharapura ( km, យសោធរបុរៈ; sa, यशोधरपुर),Headly, Robert K.; Chhor, Kylin; Lim, Lam Kheng; Kheang, Lim Hak; Chun, Chen. 1977. ''Cambodian-Engl ...

era (9th — 15th centuries a.d.), it was played in the royal Khmer ensemble and disappeared at the end of 12th century Although the pin disappeared from pinpeat ensemble for some 800 years, the Khmer still called this kind of ensemble what it had been called since the ancient time. In 2013, the pin was revived by Patrick Kersalé, a French ethnomusicologist and Sonankavei, a Cambodian musical craftsman and professor. Modern musicians have begun experimenting, reincorporating the pin into the pinpeat, its place in the Angkorian court 800 years ago. In 2014, more than 200 paintings were revealed at Angkor. The pinpeat ensemble was depicted in two hidden images discovered on the magnificent temple's wall. One of two images that depicted the pinpeat ensemble can be seen clearly through computer-enhancement and it is identical to today's pinpeat orchestra, including the absent pin. Pipeat was also regarded as the royal ensemble and accompanied in Khmer traditional and royal festivities in the post-Angkorian periods until today. The pinpeat, in its form originating in India, consisted of four musical instruments, the pin (harp), ( Khloy) flute, (

samphor The ''samphor'' ( km, សំភោរ; also romanized as ''sampho'') is a small, 2-headed barrel drum indigenous to Cambodia, approximately .35 meter wide by .5 meter long. It has two heads, with one drumhead being larger than the other and is p ...

) drum, and

chhing Ching (also spelled Chheng, km, ឈិង or Chhing, th, ฉิ่ง) are finger cymbals played in Cambodian and Thai theater and dance ensembles. Construction and use Joined by a cord that runs through the center, ching are bowl-shaped, about ...

(small cymbals), based on an Indian epic. The narration said that "One day,

Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one o ...

horesides in the gods assembly on the summit of Kailasa, intended to perform a dance. So he ordered

Uma Parvati ( sa, पार्वती, ), Uma ( sa, उमा, ) or Gauri ( sa, गौरी, ) is the Hindu goddess of power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood. She is a physical representation of Mahadevi in ...

to reside on the golden throne,

Sarasvati Saraswati ( sa, सरस्वती, ) is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning. She is one of the Tridevi, along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Parvati. The earliest known mention of Saraswati as a ...

to play pin (vina),

Indra Indra (; Sanskrit: इन्द्र) is the king of the devas (god-like deities) and Svarga (heaven) in Hindu mythology. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. volumes/ref> I ...

to play the flute,

Brahma Brahma ( sa, ब्रह्मा, Brahmā) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu, and Shiva.Jan Gonda (1969)The Hindu Trinity Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp ...

to play chhing (cymbals),

Laksmi Lakshmi (; , sometimes spelled Laxmi, ), also known as Shri (, ), is one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism. She is the goddess of wealth, fortune, power, beauty, fertility and prosperity, and associated with '' Maya'' ("Illusion"). A ...

to sing, and so that other

devas Devas may refer to: * Devas Club, a club in south London * Anthony Devas (1911–1958), British portrait painter * Charles Stanton Devas (1848–1906), political economist * Jocelyn Devas (died 1886), founder of the Devas Club * Devas (band), ...

and

asura Asuras (Sanskrit: असुर) are a class of beings in Indic religions. They are described as power-seeking clans related to the more benevolent Devas (also known as Suras) in Hinduism. In its Buddhist context, the word is sometimes translated ...

s would watch the performance..." Later on, more musical instruments were added or replaced by others and developed to form a unique Khmer musical ensemble. Today, the pinpeat incorporates ''kong'' gong chimes, such as the

kong von thom The kong von thom or ''kong thom'' ( km, គងធំ) plays a melodic line in the Cambodian '' pinpeat'' ensemble almost identical to that of the roneat thung (large xylophone). The ''kong thom'' dwells more steadily on the pulse without pullin ...

, as lead instruments. This dates back as far as the Angkorian period, when there was a group of musicians called the . Organized music in this period was centered around religious and royal organizations. On one side, two groups of musician served the Khmer brahmins and the buddhists, while on the other side, the pinpheat reflected the power of the Angkorian monarch. The pinpheat may have debuted in Southeast Asia during the first Khmer kingdom of

Funan Funan (; km, ហ៊្វូណន, ; vi, Phù Nam, Chữ Hán: ) was the name given by Chinese cartographers, geographers and writers to an ancient Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states ''(Mandala)''—located in mainla ...

(1st-6th century AD). During that kingdom's existence, Indian religions, culture and traditions were introduced to Southeast Asia, beginning as early as the 1st century a.d. During the Funan period, there was a group of musicians called ''pinpang'', and the pin was used as an instrument in the group. During the reign of Funan king Fan Chan (or Fan Siyon), 225-250 a.d., the country "entered relations" with the Murunda Dynasty, who ruled

Kalinga Kalinga may refer to: Geography, linguistics and/or ethnology * Kalinga (historical region), a historical region of India ** Kalinga (Mahabharata), an apocryphal kingdom mentioned in classical Indian literature ** Kalinga script, an ancient writin ...

in India. King Fan Chan is also known today for establishing relations with a ruler in Southern China during the

Three Kingdoms The Three Kingdoms () from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and was followed by the West ...

period, sending as a present some musicians and products of the country to the "Kingdom of Kra Vo under the reign of the King Sun Chorn" (sometimes labeled "Chinese Emperor") in Southern China in 243 a.d. Another record mentioned the Khmer musicians from

which visited China in 236 CE. The Chinese emperor was so impressed that he even ordered the institute of Funanese music near Naking. Another Chinese source also mentioned the famous music of Funan (Cambodia) that became popular and was played at the courts of Sui and

Tang Tang or TANG most often refers to: * Tang dynasty * Tang (drink mix) Tang or TANG may also refer to: Chinese states and dynasties * Jin (Chinese state) (11th century – 376 BC), a state during the Spring and Autumn period, called Tang (唐) ...

dynasties. This “Funan music” was a ritual music and dance form with Buddhist coloring from the pre-Angkorian kingdom of Funan (Khmer, Nokor Phnom).

Instruments used in Pinpeat ensembles

This list presents instruments which are or have been used in various Pinpeat ensembles. *

Roneat Roneat ( km, រនាត) is the generic Khmer word for referring to several types of xylophones used in traditional Cambodian music; the pinpeat and mohaori. Roneat may refers to several Cambodian xylophone types such as roneat thmor, roneat e ...

s ** roneat ek - the lead high-pitched bamboo xylophone. **

roneat thung The ''roneat thung'' or ''roneat thum'' ( km, រនាតធុង) is a low-pitched xylophone used in the Khmer classical music of Cambodia. It is built in the shape of a curved, rectangular shaped boat. This instrument plays an important part i ...

- a xylophone, lower pitched than the roneat ek *Roneat -

metallophone A metallophone is any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal (other than a metal string), consisting of tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates. Most frequently the metal body is struck to produce sound, ...

s **

roneat dek Roneat ( km, រនាត) is the generic Khmer word for referring to several types of xylophones used in traditional Cambodian music; the pinpeat and mohaori. Roneat may refers to several Cambodian xylophone types such as roneat thmor, roneat ...

roneat thong Roneat ( km, រនាត) is the generic Khmer word for referring to several types of xylophones used in traditional Cambodian music; the pinpeat and mohaori. Roneat may refers to several Cambodian xylophone types such as roneat thmor, ronea ...

*Drums **

skor thom The ''Skor thom'' ( km, ស្គរធំ) are Cambodian 2-headed barrel drums played with a pair of wooden drumsticks. They typically have skin heads made from oxen, cows or buffalos, and are played in pairs. The drums are tuned such that one wi ...

- two big drums (similar to

taiko are a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments. In Japanese, the term refers to any kind of drum, but outside Japan, it is used specifically to refer to any of the various Japanese drums called and to the form of ensemble drumming ...

drums) played with drumsticks **

sampho The ''samphor'' ( km, សំភោរ; also romanized as ''sampho'') is a small, 2-headed barrel drum indigenous to Cambodia, approximately .35 meter wide by .5 meter long. It has two heads, with one drumhead being larger than the other and is p ...

r - a double-headed drum played with hands * Sralai - a quadruple-reed **sralai thom - a large quadruple-reed flute **sralai toch - a small quadruple-reed flute * Khloy - a type of bamboo flute (was used in place of the sralai in the past) *

Chhing Ching (also spelled Chheng, km, ឈិង or Chhing, th, ฉิ่ง) are finger cymbals played in Cambodian and Thai theater and dance ensembles. Construction and use Joined by a cord that runs through the center, ching are bowl-shaped, about ...

(chhap) - finger cymbals * Krap - wooden clappers (presently rarely used)

Type of Pinpeat Ensemble

Pipeat ensemble divided into different type depend on the instruments accompanied in its ensemble.

Pinpeat Vong Touch (Small Pinpeat Ensemble)

This small Pinpeat ensemble was thought to be the initial Pinpeat orchestra played since its origin until today, consisted of a few musical instruments such as: - Pin (obsolete) # Roneat ek (1) # Kong vong thum (1) # Skor thum (2) # Samphor (1) # Sralai (1)

Pinpeat Vong Thum (Big Pinpeat Ensemble)

Since its introduction from India, the initial Pinpeat ensemble had been developed as more musical instruments were added or replaced by other local instruments. In the 3rd century, more instruments were added to the ensemble by Khmer craftsman and musicians. There we can see the emergence of various percussive instruments into the initial Pinpeat ensemble such as

, kong vong touch, sralai touch,.. The insert of these local instruments into the initial Pinpeat ensemble (small pinpeat ensemble) make the music made by the ensemble more flawless, gentle, and melodious than it previously do. This ensemble is called Pinpeat Vong Thum (Big Pinpeat Ensemble) with more instruments: - Pin (obsolete) # Roneat ek (1) # Roneat thung (1) # Roneat dek (1) # Kong vong thum (1) # Kong vong touch (1) # Sralai (1) # Skor thum (2) # Samphor (1) # Chhing (1 pair)

List of Pinpeat songs

Today, there are more than 250 Pinpeat songs being researched based on a document found in the street of Phnom Penh in 1979 after Khmer Rouge collapsed. These songs narrated various stories such as describing love, nature, Khmer daily life and its neighbors, and else. While some specific musics are used to accompany in Khmer traditional dances and theaters.

Pinpeat musics used for
Khol The khol is a terracotta two-sided drum used in northern and eastern India for accompaniment with devotional music (''bhakti''). It is also known as a mridanga (<
Sbek Thom (Khmer Shadow theatre)

Sathukar is the principle Cambodian Pinpeat music plays for the opening of Khmer traditional festivities and rituals. Sathukar accompanies in Cambodian Royal Ballets, Masked Drama,

Shadow Theatre The Shadow Theatre is an Edmonton-based theatre company born of the Edmonton International Fringe Festival in 1990. History Shadow Theatre was incorporated in 1992, operating under the governance of a volunteer Board of Directors. Co founded by H ...

, and many other traditional dances and rituals. The music list below is played in accordance to various episodes in Masked Drama and Shadow theatre.Pech Tum Kravel. Khmer Masked Theatre. 163. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7OmNithn8yCc0Zpa1cxaVlmSHM/view # Sathukar: accompanied in for the opening rituals of the drama and paying homage to ancestral

guru Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential ...

. # Bot Ror: played for the magical and power expression episodes # Bot Chert: played for traveling and warring episode # Bot S'mer: played during the paying respect and taking a rest episode # Bot Trak: making magics, transforming physical appearance or while shooting an arrow episode # Bot Domner Knung: played during the marching of giant troops episode # Bot Domner Krav: played for the human and monkey marching episode # Bakthorm: for monkey troops marching episode # Bonh Lea: used for the ending or departure (good bye) episode # Bot Ot Toch: played during the hardship, crying (for human, giant, and monkey) episode # Bot Ot Thum: played during the hardship, break up, crying down (for human and monkey characters) # Bot Tayoy: played during sentiment anxiety ( for human characters) # Bot Chert Chhoerng: played during arrow shooting or undermine the ritual episode # Bot Neang Lot: played for comedian character or the traveling of the locals # Bot Chert Chhab: played for monkeys wrestling episode # Bot Khlom: played during the march of devatas,

episode # Bot Pon Nhea: accompanied during the return of Preah Ream/

Rama Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular '' avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Bei ...

's troops episode

Pinpeat Song narrating Khmer daily activities

# Khmer Preah Bantum #Khmer Tumnerb (Modern Khmer) # Khmer Chrot Srov (Khmer harvests rice) # Khmer Dambaanh (Khmer weaves (textile) # Khmer Bompe Kon (Khmer lulls the child) # Khmer Yol Tong (Khmer swings the swing) # Kamrong Phuong Khmer (Khmer flower braid) # Khmer Plum Sloek (Khmer blows the leaf) # Domner Khmer (Khmer walking) # Khmer

Pursat Pursat ( ; km, ពោធិ៍សាត់, ) is the capital of Pursat Province, Cambodia. Its name derived from a type of tree. It lies on the Pursat River The Pursat River ( km, ស្ទឹងពោធិ៍សាត់, Steung Pursat) al ...

# Khmer Kruosar (Family Khmer)

Pinpeat Songs related with Khmer neighbors; Chen ( Chinese), Chvea ( Javanese), Leav ( Laotian),
Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...
, Pumea (
Bamar The Bamar (, ; also known as the Burmans) are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group native to Myanmar (formerly Burma) in Southeast Asia. With approximately 35 million people, the Bamar make up the largest ethnic group in Myanmar, constituting 68% of th ...
), and Kuy.

# Chen Louk Thnam (Chen Sae) # Chen Bong (Chen Chombong) # Chen Chas # Chen Chong Srok # Chen Tver Chhnang # Chen Berk Viangnon # Chen Jos Touk # Chen Tror Kaew # Chen Chhor Muk Tuok # Chen Bang Tang Yu #Chen Bes Sloek Chher #Domner Chen #Chvea Srok Mon Pi Nakk #Chvea Srok Mon Bei Nakk #Chvea Srok Mon Bei Joan #Chvea Tromiak Domrei #Chvea Pho Kda #Chvea Roam Phlet #Chvea P'nek Khla #Chvea Lerng Rong #Chvea Srav Yuth'ka #Chvea Der Tes #Chvea Der Phum #Chvea Reach Borei #Chvea Nop Borei #Chvea Srok Chav Sen #Chvea K'soek K'soul #Rabam Chvea #Phleng Chvea #Mon Jos Tuok #Mon Yol Dav #Roam Mon #Phleng Mon #Mon Samai #Leav Piek Kra'op #Leav P'song Tien #Tomnounh Leav #Samdech Leav #Leav Ruom Chet #Srei Leav Laor #Chiet Leav #Somrerb Chet Leav #Kon Chiet Leav #Teahean Chiet Leav #Nisai Leav #Robam Leav #Leav Antrong Moan #Leav Lerng Chrang #Leav Tiak Rolok #Leav Der Prei #Leav Sorser Preah Chan #Phumea Hor #Kuy Kong Leng

Pinpeat Songs that describe others

# Roam Phlet # Domner Yeut # Domner Rohas # Bes Bopha # Smarodei Ton # Pekhachon # Tep Pra Rorp # Tep Rum Choul # Tevada P'tum # Tevada Nimitr # Srei Snom Bomrer # Soeng Thum Jorjoan # Sorser Pkay # Pkay Meas # Raksmei Pkay # Pkay Andet # Raksmei Chouk Chei # Ngiev Ph'laeng # Ponleu Pech # Many others.

Significance

All kind of Pinpeat ensembles play significant role in Cambodian society and daily life since its origin. The small Pinpeat ensemble is accompanied in various Cambodian national festivals, Buddhist celebrations, traditional dances, traditional drama, funeral, and other rituals. While the big Pinpeat ensemble play more role and significance than the previous. These roles include: * Accompanied in the congratulation for the troop march returned to the city defeated the enemies. * Accompanied in the royal festivities such as Royal Boats Racing and Royal Plowing. * Accompanied in Buddhist celebrations and rituals such as Pchhum Ben, Kathin, Bon Pkar, Bonchos Seima, and funerals. * Accompanied in traditional dances Robam Jumpor (blessing dance), Robam Tep Monorum, Robam Apsara, Robam Sovan Maccha, and traditional dramas and shows such as

Khol The khol is a terracotta two-sided drum used in northern and eastern India for accompaniment with devotional music (''bhakti''). It is also known as a mridanga (<

Sbek Thum and Sbek Touch (shadow plays), Puppet Show,

Reamker ''Reamker'' ( km, រាមកេរ្តិ៍, UNGEGN: , ALA-LC: ; ) is a Cambodian epic poem, based on the Sanskrit's Rāmāyana epic. The name means "Glory of Rama". It is the national epic of Cambodia. The earliest mention of this epic' ...

Drama. Sometimes this ensemble can be performed in other local rituals as well.

References

Notes

{{Reflist

External links

Story with image showing the ''pin'', an ancient Cambodian harp, restored and playing in the pinpeat.Images of musical instrument ensemble groups
(French)

(Japanese)

(In English) Cambodian music Asian music groups Gong and chime music Classical and art music traditions Funan